The Unique History Of The Negro Baseball Leagues - 1379 Words

In this essay we will take a look at the unique history of the Negro Baseball Leagues. We will discuss how they were an integral part of the African American culture and what they meant to their communities. We will also discuss some of the more famous players of the Negro Leagues as well as take a look at what the impact of Jackie Robinson being the first African American to be signed to a professional Major League team was and how it affected the future of baseball. Black American men were banned from being able to play professional baseball from the early 1900’s till the late 1940’s. This sparked the creation of what was known as the Negro Leagues. The first successful Negro League was formed in 1920 by Andrew Rube Foster (https:// negroleaguebaseball.com), but suspended operations in 1931 due to the financial hardships associated with the Great Depression (Baseball: An Illustrated History, G. Ward, Page 87). As the Great Depression ended and America got closer to WWII, the popularity of the Negro leagues grew. The creation of the Negro National League and the Negro American League represented the two premier Negro leagues in the 1930’s and 1940’s. They were just as organized as their white counterparts. They played a 140 game schedule, had their own all-star games, as well as their own World Series (Baseball: An Illustrated History, G. Ward, Page 247). The Negro leagues flourished during WWII. The white players of t he professional teams were being drafted and theirShow MoreRelatedJackie Robinson And The Baseball848 Words   |  4 PagesRobinson did not only help initiate the integration of the game of baseball, but he also helped initiate integration throughout America. The film Soul of the Game does not go into all of the details regarding his career on the Brooklyn Dodgers, but rather it depicts his life and choices leading up to his career in the Major Leagues. This film portrays important themes such as segregation, perseverance, and doubt, and it applies to history in the beginning of the story of Jackie Robinson and how AmericaRead MoreJackie Robinson : The Game Of Baseball Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pages For as long as I have known the game of baseball and learned of our country’s history, there is one man that has always stood out to me. This man was very unique, he contained guts, courage, and a whole lot of drive. Who knew that with so called, â€Å"America’s Pastime †, he would play such a huge role and make such an outstanding impact on this great nation. The man’s name is legendary Jackie Robinson. Jackie grew up in unfortunate circumstances that many families dealt with at the time with his dadRead MoreJackie Robinson : An Absolute Legend2018 Words   |  9 Pagescommunity. Throughout Jackie Robinsons remarkable career there were many bumps in the road. Although when Robinson overcame those bumps, his intrepidness and courage blasted through the fans. Robinson was unique, he was not like many of the other ball players. Most ball players in the major league are only really challenged physically, but Robinson was challenged both physically and mentally. As Robinson career progressed the racism lessens and Robinson became mentally tougher. Most of the racism RobinsonRead MoreJackie Robinson5168 Words   |  21 Pagesbecome one of Americas most iconic and inspiring stories. Since 1947, American history has portrayed Jackie Robinson as a hero, and he has been idolized as a role model to the African American baseball community. It is an unarguable fact that he was the first to tear down the color barriers within professional baseball. The topic of Robinson’s role in integration has long been a point of discussion amongst baseball historians. Researche rs have accumulated thousands of accredited documents and interviewsRead MoreEssay on The Origin of Baseball3478 Words   |  14 PagesThe Origin of Baseball There is often disagreement about the origin of baseball. For more than 90 years, people have believed in the myth that Abner Doubleday invented baseball. Baseball developed slowly, and changed with time, and that is why it is called Americas national pastime. Some believe it was a popular game from England where milkmaids and farmer hands would toss a softball underhand and hit it with a closed fist. Others even say it was evolved from cricket. From 1905-07, a specialRead MoreThe Transformative Power of Sports in the American Civil Rights Movement2344 Words   |  9 Pageseyes to something beyond what one already believes, is incredible. They can get everyone to root for a common purpose, and for some, that was freedom. The integration of professional and collegiate athletics not only changed sports history, but helped shape American history. Cassius Marcellus Clay was born in Louisville, Kentucky on January 17, 1942, during a time when Louisville was severely segregated; African-Americans were often considered the ‘servant’ class, and the highest goal that many parentsRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Cory in The Play Fences by August Wilson1109 Words   |  5 Pagesnearly eight-teen years earlier. When Troy was released from prison he dreamed of playing Major League Baseball but at that time it was an impossibility because of racial dis he other primary relationship of Fences is that of Troy to his son Cory (Courtney B. Vance) - a promising 17-year-old football player being courted by a college recruiter. Troy himself was once a baseball player in the Negro Leagues - early enough to hit homers off Satchel Paige, too early to benefit from Jackie RobinsonsRead MoreRed Scare After World War I and the Bolshevik Russian Revolution, Communists, people who supports1200 Words   |  5 Pagesknow as â€Å"Palmer Raids†. Government agents arrested suspected Radicals without any evidence. Palmer later frightened the public by telling them the radicals were planning a revolution. The Red Scare led to the best-known criminal cases in American history. In 1920, two Italian-born anarchists, rebels against any authority, established order, or ruling power, Nicco Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested for the murder of a factory paymaster and his guard. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)Read MoreThe 1920s - Research2133 Words   |  9 PagesFitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. It is a more accurately old story of the time than others written today because it was written in the time period portrayed in the story. The 1920s found their own niche in the history of American art, theater, and literature. The Roaring Twenties were known as a very unique era. It started its own and styles and fashions that were adorned all across the nation. The dress of both men and women changed drastically in the 1920s. Most well-known fashion was the women; the flappers

Business Pl Tesla Motors Marketing Plan - 6405 Words

MKT 615 – MARKETING PLAN Tesla Motors Marketing Plan GROUP 4 Mathalikunnel, Sebastian Sunny Medipally, Krishna Chaitanya Medishetti, Naresh Kumar Ogunrayi, Olufunke Pan, Yiran Patel, Kiran Patel, Malaykumar Shashikant EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Tesla motors was founded in 2003 by a group of engineers in Silicon Valley who wanted to prove that electric cars could be better than gasoline powered cars. With instant torque, incredible power and zero emissions, Tesla motors is creating new generation of cars that would be increasingly affordable, helping the company to work towards its mission: to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable transport. Tesla’s headquarters is located in Palo Alto, California and has over 2000 employees. It has 31 stores and service locations spread across the globe with more stores expected to open in the future. Tesla engineers first designed a powertrain for a sports car built around an AC induction motor, patented in 1988 by Nikola Tesla, the inventor who inspired the company’s name. The result was the launch of the Roadster, a solely electric operated sports car accelerating from 0 to 60mph in 3.7 seconds and achieving a range of 245 miles/charge of its Lithium ion battery. Tesla hereafter expanded its technological advantage to the luxury sedan market with the launch of Model S, a sustainable luxury sedan with zero emission. (www.teslamotors.com/about). Goals â€Å"To accelerate the advent of sustainable transport by bringing

Introduction And Brief History Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7434 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? KASB Bank Limited was incorporated on October 13, 1994 as Platinum Commercial Bank Limited. The name was subsequently changed to KASB Bank Limited on February 21, 2003, when the majority shareholding was acquired by the KASB Group, one of the largest financial services groups in Pakistan with leading positions in equity and debt market and making strong headways in consumer banking and asset management. The KASB Group established by Mr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction And Brief History Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari in 1952 has been working successfully in banking, securities, leasing, technology, research and community projects. The Group comprises of KASB Bank Limited and its three fully owned subsidiaries; KASB Securities Limited, a full service corporate entity providing premium brokerage, research, investment banking and advisory services, KASB Technology Services Limited, an Information Technology platform providing IT solution and KASB Funds Limited, an asset management company that has recently launched its first liquid fund in the name of KASB Liquid Fund. KASB Group enjoys the distinct advantage of having developed a strategic relationship with Merrill Lynch, a renowned global investment banking firm, on the KASB Securities side of its business.[1] KASB Bank Limited, with its presence in 13 cities, through its network of 35 branches, delivers a comprehensive range of banking services in Consumer, SME Middle Market and Corporate Banking. The working system within the Bank has been revamped by diverting resources towards segmented business areas which have been showing improved operational activities. Also being given a priority is the Human Resource development besides paying continued attention to the streamlining and improving the internal policies, procedures and processes. Information Technology infrastructure is also being revamped by acquiring solutions best suited to the Banks requirements and to meet the envisaged growth strategy. Vision Partnering Success ValuesMission V Ision Customer Focus and Innovation A Ttitude Passion and Quest that Drives Us L eadership Sense of Integrity, Trust Accountability U Pright Commitment to Being a Credible Corporate Citizen E Xcellence Distinction as a Habit S Ynergy Ability to Harness the Power of Teams *SOURCE: Official Website www.kasbbank.com Associated Companies The primary reason why I chose KASB Bank is that the KASB Group has had its presence in the Pakistani Markets since 1958 and it has been providing various financial services specializing primarily in Investment Banking, Research, Asset Management and Commercial Banking. This group has had close ties with the investor community of Pakistan and currently it is controlling four businesses i.e. KASB Bank, KASB Securities, KASB Funds and KASB Mudaraba. One of the main reasons for the inception of this bank was to facilitate the investors in their financial market trading transactions. Currently the bank has 104 branches and its operating in 43 cities in Pakistan. It is offering solutions to large portfolio of investment, corporate and consumer banking. According to the financial reports of first quarter of 2012, the banks assets have crossed Rs 100 Billion, which has double since December 31, 2010. Quite recently, KASB Bank was declared the Corporate Finance House of the Year in the category of Equity and Advisory (Banks) by a panel of senior industry experts, acknowledging the quantum and sophistication of investment banking deals executed by the bank during the year under review. COMMERCIAL BANKING Mahana Khazana Mahana Khazana is a type of account that provides the features of both a savings account and a current account. This product provides the customers with monthly interest earned on their profits. It also provides various facilities such as unlimited deposits withdrawals, running finance facility up to 90%, locker facility, free Visa Debit Card, real time online banking, utility bills payment facility through internet banking ATM, free Pay Orders for balances above 1 million, and 24/7 phone banking facility Maheena Asaan Plus Maheena Asaan Plus is a one year term deposit account. The profit is directly credited to the depositors Maheena Asaan Plus account, giving them extra cash to use every month. Minimum deposit required for this account is Rs.100,000 and maximum Rs.20 Million. There is a running finance facility of 75% of the amount investment. Also it provides free Cheque Book on minimum Rs. 1,000,000 invested, free Internet Banking, free ATM/Visa Debit card, and free Online Banking. Business Flex KASB Business Flex is a current account. It offers all businessmen and executives convenient and reliable banking solutions for all business dealings. It provides freedom and flexibility to transact wherever businessmen go. Some important features include free funds transfer facility to all KASB Bank Branches, Running Finance facility, no minimum Balance requirement, free unlimited Pay Orders Demand Drafts, and utility bills payment through Internet ATM. KASB SAMAR Savings Account This is a savings account for the senior citizens. This account can be opened by any individual of 60 years and above. In case of joint account one of the account holders shall be 60 Years or above. Some important features include, no minimum or maximum deposit limit, monthly profit payment, profit calculated on the minimum balance during the month, and unlimited number of transactions. KASB SAMAR Term Deposit Account This is quite similar to the KASB SAMAR Savings Account. Most of the features are same except for a few. For Instance, this is one year fixed deposit account which pays a monthly profit to the depositor. There is a minimum limit of Rs 50,000/- for this account. Middle Market and SME Banking KASB Bank offers Customized solutions for individual businesses. It also provides flexible financing to accelerate the growth. Another feature of this particular banking is One window financial solutions. AGRICULTURE FINANCE Various schemes such as KISSAN SARMAYA scheme has been designed and aimed at meeting all types of financial needs of agriculture sector. Farmers are eligible for KASB Agricultural Credit for each of the following purposes. Farm Credit Production Finance/ Working Capital Just like any other business credit can be provided for working capital needs of the farmers, such as seasonal requirements for crops i.e. purchase of seed, fertilizer, pesticides and weedicides etc. by the farmers. Also short term finance can be provided for sprayers, hired farm labor, power, diesel, oil for tractors and tube well operations, fuel wood for curing of tobacco, electric charges for Tube well operations etc. Short term finance for hire charges for storage and transportation, expenses on marketing, cost of packing and material and processing cost, working capital for storage of raw agriculture/ farm produce by farmers from field only, is also provided. Development Finance Credit can be given to purchase of farm machinery, equipment and allied accessories. Also it can be provided forLand improvement and leveling. Non-Farm Credit Non-farm credit includes financing livestock, dairy, poultry, fisheries, forestry etc. In term of period of finance, non-farm credit is divided into the following two categories Production Finance Short term finance for the items i.e. purchase of feeds, raining and veterinary expenses, artificial insemination, hired farm labor, power, etc. Development Finance Medium and long term finance for purchase of livestock, milk processing and chilling plants, motorcycle for milkmen, veterinary clinics, compound feed making industry, poultry farming, dairy farming, marine fisheries, cold storage for fisheries, forestry, apiculture, sericulture etc. Agriculture financing facilities are available throughout the country at designated agriculture lending branches. All types of financing are available for short, medium and long term depending upon farmers requirement and the nature of finance. CONSUMER FINANCE GharAsaan- Home Loan This is a Home Loan facility with installment plans for the customers. GharAsaan Variants have been designed in such a way that they are convenient and comfortable for customers with different needs. Cash Asaan Personal Finance Cash Asaan Personal Finance is a personal loan with affordable equal monthly installments. The customers can use Cash Asaan for everything that money can buy. TRANSACTION BANKING Correspondent Banking KASB Bank offers a wide range of Correspondent Banking Services such as Credit, Deposit, Collection, Clearing, and Payment services to banks and financial institutions. Trade Finance The Bank offers an extensive range of trade products and services through its global correspondent banking network which spans 69 countries. It aids importers and exporters find optimal solutions for their individual requirements for cross border trading. It provides all trade related services such as managing documentary collections, letters of credit and trade guarantees alongside the risk management and structured export finance. Cash Management The cash management services provide a wide range of innovative products, designed to facilitate the customers to efficiently manage their cash flows thus reducing their transactional and administrative costs, and efficient Accounts Payables and Receivables Management. Alternate Banking Call Centre KASB ONE Phone banking KASB Connect is a 24-Hour contact center which acts as a single access point for all our customers throughout the country. With just a single access phone call, customers can have access to a wide range of tele-banking solutions and personalized banking services. ATM Network The Bank has a network of 94 ATMs countrywide, which continues to expand by the day. Moreover, KASB is also part of the 1 Link, MNET and VISA networks. This allows using the KASB ONE VISA Debit Card across Pakistan at more than 4,000 ATMs countrywide and at more than 1.6 million ATMs worldwide. The KASB ONE VISA Debit card is also accepted on all VISA certified machines displaying the VISA Plus sign. Internet Banking Internet Banking lets the customers perform a variety of financial transactions; such as, funds transfer, bill payments, check account statements and applications for loans. Mobile Banking and SMS Alerts Mobile Banking allows the customers to perform various transactions, such as, fund transfer, bill payments, and balance checks. Also the Bank offers transaction based SMS Alerts service to all its account holders. Home Remittances KASB lets its customers receive their remittances instantly and absolutely free. It offers two options for receiving money in Pakistan; Cash Payments and Instant Credit of Funds for account holders. Instant credit of Funds facility is available for non-account holders as well through which they can receive funds on the same day. CORPORATE BANKING KASB Bank offers custom made products and services for corporate clients as the focus of the bank is on customers needs and to meet their expectations by delivering quality services quickly. Corporate Banking Unit is equipped with expertise in providing solutions for all On/Off Balance sheet needs of our clients, through the strength of KASB Groups presence in a range of financial services. The bank provides various tools for the clients to cater to their needs such as: Working Capital and Trade Finance solutions, including Imports, Exports, Guarantees, FOREX Options and Remittances. Long Term needs, through debt financing. Tailor made balance sheet structuring is also offered through the Investment Banking units expertise. Off Balance sheet, solutions for derivatives are managed througha highly skilled Treasury derivative unit. Cash Management through a dedicated and innovative cash management unit. INVESTMENT BANKING As the leading investment banking firm in Pakistan KASB has extensive knowledge of domestic markets and industries and well-established relationships with local and international investors. KASB is the only local investment bank to be affiliated with a global bulge-bracket bank, i.e. Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Our services include advising on: Mergers Acquisitions Privatizations Project Finance Restructurings Equity raising through IPOs/ SPOs and issuance of Global Depository Receipts Debt raising through issuance of TFCs, Sukuk and Syndicate Finance Structured Finance services through Quasi Equity and Securitization KASB has been very active in Pakistan and has concluded, among others, the last 6 consecutive cross border transactions in Pakistan which have resulted in a US$2.3 billion inflow of foreign exchange since 2006. KASB has generated more private sector foreign inflow into Pakistan than anyone else and continues to highlight investment opportunities in Pakistan to international corporations and global private equity/hedge funds. KASB has closed some of the largest transactions in Pakistans history including US$920mn Malayan Banking Berhad (Malaysia) investment in MCB Bank Limited, US$460mn acquisition of Paktel Limited by China Mobile, US$650mn GDR for United Bank Limited, US$150mn GDR for MCB Bank Limited and US$109mn Lucky Cement GDR.[2] TREASURY MONEY MARKET Products and Services The KASB Bank money market desk provides its customers with a variety of advisory and investment services. We offer our customers competitive quotes and investment advice based on their specific needs. We also allow our customers to invest in Government securities by opening an IPS (Investor Portfolio Services) account on their behalf with the State Bank of Pakistan. The main types of Government securities that our customers can invest in are: Treasury Bills (T-Bills) Treasury bills are zero coupon instruments issued by the Government of Pakistan and sold through the State Bank of Pakistan via fortnightly auctions. T-Bills are issued with maturities of 3-months, 6-months and 1 Year and are priced at a discount. T-Bills are risk free, SLR eligible securities, that are actively traded in the secondary market and are therefore highly liquid. They are issued with a minimum denomination of Rs.100, 000. Pakistan Investment Bonds (PIBS) PIBs are long term bonds issued by the Government of Pakistan and sold through the State Bank of Pakistan via periodic auctions. PIBs are issued with tenors of 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 Years. Being backed by the Government of Pakistan, they present a low risk long term investment option. The Pakistan Investment Bonds offer a fixed semi-annual coupon and repayment of principal at maturity. They are highly liquid SLR eligible securities that are actively traded in the secondary market. The minimum denomination of PIBs is Rs.100, 000. FOREX MARKETS Products and Services The KASB Bank FX desk offers its customers a vast variety of FX products including: Ready Purchase/Sale The KASB Bank corporate desk provides all corporate and commercial customers the latest market rates for all transactions equivalent to US $5,000/- and above. For amounts less than US $ 5,000/-, the rates mentioned in the rate sheet are applicable. Forward Sale The outward forward sale allows Importers with L/Cs to book rates on their future commitments in order to hedge against any rate fluctuations and volatility. Forward Purchase The outward forward purchase allows exporters with L/Cs or contracts to book rates for their receivables in order to hedge against any future rate fluctuations. Foreign Bill Purchase (FBP) This facility allows customers to present their export bills and immediately receive rupee facility. The bank purchases and discounts the documents and receives the proceeds upon the maturity of the bill ranging from 12days to 180 days. The exporters can also present the bill against any forward booking for discounting, and adjust the proceeds of the forward contract through that bill. Foreign Currency Financing (FCF) The Foreign Currency Finance (FCF) facility allows exporters to avail foreign currency loans on LIBOR based interest rate for up to the maximum of six months. Foreign Currency Import Financing (FCIF) The Foreign Currency Import Finance (FCIF) facility allows importers to avail foreign currency loans for up to six months against DA or sight L/C using LIBOR based interest rates. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE One very significant issue with the bank is that the bank has been experiencing losses since 2009, while its peers, in terms of balance sheet sizes and number branches, have been making profits. The overall industry is also doing fine as it can be seen in the exhibits provided at the end. The Net Interest Margin of the bank has been negative amplifying the losses of the bank. Despite the injection of Rs 13 Million in equity, the bank has been unable to cover the losses. Why this bank has been unable to generate income for its shareholders, will it be able to sustain itself and how can this situation be handled effectively are some intriguing questions and this is what I want find out by doing research on this bank. After a preliminary analysis of the annual reports of KASB Bank, I found out that the bank Liabilities (Deposits) are growing at accelerated rate as compared to past few years. Due to this there is a similar trend in the growth of the Assets of the bank but an interesting fact here is that the main assets (Advances) are not growing; in fact they are showing a declining trend since 2009. So the growth in Assets here is not because of Advances but because of Investments and other liquid assets. There has been a steady increase in Investments of the bank for past few years but in 2012, the investments figure has increased to more than twice of that of December 31, 2011. Similarly lending to other financial institutions has increased more than three folds. Furthermore there has been a substantial increase in Balances with other Banks. The Net Interest Margin is finally positive after three consecutive years but still the bank is producing losses. Assets of bank have been growing but the advances are not. This means that the bank is relying lesser on its core business, and that would be justified somewhat if the bank were making substantial profits from its non-core activities. But that is not the case, so it really doesnt make sense why the bank has restructured its balance sheet in such a way. The growth in assets is due to increase in the liquid assets. Liquidity is always inversely proportional to the Profitability of any firm. So if the bank has increased its liquidity it means that the profitability of the bank is going to decrease automatically. Looking at the historical profitability of KASB Bank such a step is unadvisable but the bank is doing it anyway. The rationale behind this would be identified and discussed in detail in this project. The above stated facts clearly show that there is a problem with KASB Banks financial structure and it needs to be looked into. Why the bank is altering its balance sheet structure and the implications it has on the banks performance have to be found out in order to identify the core problems and propose the best possible solutions. LITERATURE/INDUSTRY REVIEW The area of research for this study is the Profitability of KASB Bank. In simple words the business of banking is taking in deposits from various individuals with surplus resources at a specified rate and giving these out as loans to individuals with deficit in resources at a higher rate. The rate differential or the Spread is the main source of income for a bank. How well a bank manages this differential determines the income of the bank. Banks very rarely compete on competitive rates because that is a dirty game and it is discouraged through mutual understanding. So the margins for spread are quite similar in the industry. Profitability is a reflection of how banks are run given the environment in which banks operate. In fact, profitability should mirror the quality of a banks management and the shareholders behavior, the banks competitive strategies, efficiency and risk management capabilities, Herrero (2007).[3] A bank is operating on a very thin window which means that it cannot bear substantial losses consistently. Any loss in any particular period means that the equity of the bank is being wiped out in that period. In banks the equity proportion is quite low as compared to other business firms, so in case of losses it is quickly wiped out, leading the bank towards default. To avoid such circumstances banks have to be revived with equity injections so that they do not default on depositors money.[4] Pakistans financial sector consists of a wide range of commercial banks, specialized banks, insurance companies, leasing companies, microfinance banks and Islamic banks. All these institutes offer a wide range of products and services to facilitate their customers. NBP, HBL, UBL, MCB and ABL are the top 5 banks of Pakistan, and the share of these top banks is more than 50% of the total assets of the banking industry and exactly 50% of the total investments made by all the banks are contributed by these top 5 banks. Banks mostly prefer to invest in Government securities and approximately more than 83% of their investments are in this particular segment. This is because Govt. borrowing has increased manifolds over past few years and banks would obviously prefer lending to a default free entity, eliminating credit risk. Consequently the consumers or private entities suffer.[5] During the past few years, financial markets and institutions have undergone many changes and witnessed more than 40 transactions of acquisitions and mergers of bank and non-bank financial institutions for the purpose of consolidation and diversification. Today, banking sector is significantly contributing in the economic growth of the country in accordance with the SBP rules and regulations. Currently, Pakistan has 5 public sector banks, 22 local private banks, 7 foreign banks and 4 specialized banks. The NPLs are 5.6% of the total banking credit, showing the employment of better banking practices and improved asset quality in the sector.[6] In general, despite the apparent difference in tenors, NSS instruments have been a key substitute of bank deposits, particularly of fixed tenor. It is partly because NSS instruments offer early encashment facility without penalty. Typically, in the presence of significant interest rate differential, movement towards NSS instruments is understandable. However, it has not always been the case. For instance, while interest rate differential has been around 6 percent during FY02-06, flows towards NSS instruments have actually plummeted. This was largely on account of banning institutional investments in NSS, suspension of DSCs and SSCs sales through banks and disallowing banks to lend against NSS instrument. However, with removal of ban on institutional investment in late 2006, flow towards NSS instruments resumed. In recent years, upward revision of NSS rates has attracted strong flow of investments, though fixed deposits have revived as well, particularly in FY11 amid strong growth in overall deposits.[7] Prior to the recent financial crisis, the excess liquidity and competition among the banks prompted them to move away from the traditional limited product range of credit to the government and the public sector enterprises, trade financing, big name corporate loans, and multinationals. The borrower base of the banks expanded many fold as the banks diversified into agriculture, SMEs, consumer financing, mortgages, etc. The middle class which could not afford to buy cars or houses/apartments as it did not have the financial strength for cash purchases, has been the biggest beneficiary of these new products and services. Assets of the banking sector are growing at the rate of 15% whereas deposits are increasing with a rate of 14.5%. Advances have decreased by 0.2% and investments in securities have grown tremendously by 42.5%. Profit after taxes has also increased by 69.23% from last year.[8] Asset quality of overall banking sector has improved. NPLs of the banking system are driven by a number of factors including economic activities, legal system, unexpected shocks, and credit evaluation ability of the banks. Apart from of the underlying factors, increase in NPLs has strong influence on the banking spread. It not only reduces the earning assets of banks, but also imposes a cost in the form of provisions. In case of Pakistan, the banks are required to provide for the amount of nonperforming loans after adjusting for permissible partial benefit of collateral. NPLs to total loans ratio has improved from 14.7 to 16.2 in Dec 2011 as per SBP calculations. Same effect has been observed if we look at this ratio by banking segments (commercial, foreign, specialized banks). Overall ratio of provisions to NPLs has remained the same. Banks have lent mostly to textile sector whereas agriculture sector remained comparatively neglected. Highest NPL ratio has been observed by electroni cs sector, but banks have not lent a significant amount to this sector. Textile sector has shown 28% infection level which is quite high among all other sectors. The NPL situation in consumer financing has improved if we compare it with previous years.[9] Liquidity position of overall banking sector has improved if we check the liquidity position with total assets or total deposits as base. Total Advances have decreased, which has also caused the banks to invest excess liquidity in investments which are liquid assets causing the banks overall liquidity situation to be better off.[10] Distinct from other risks, market risk is an important risk for banks. Its distinction, particularly from credit risk, often gets blurred as market and credit risks may interact to reinforce each other and result in substantial losses if not managed jointly. Despite its significance, when measured in terms of current practices of calculating risk weighted assets, the contribution of market risk remains trivial in the overall risk profile of the banks. Moreover, efficient management has introduced good services and products which really have attracted more customers towards banking. Number of branches has also been on the rise, which has definitely increased the total deposits. This excess liquidity has been invested in securities or extended as loans. Interest income from both advances and securities raised the net income level of overall banking sector. Although expenses have also increased by 10% due to extension in branch network and hiring of employees, they are controlled and income has increased by 17% as compared to last year. Along with interest income there is an increase in fee, commission and other service charges leaving a positive impact on net income. Profit after taxes has increased by 69%. NBP in particular has shown record profits too.[11] More than 50% of the total advances extended to any sector are contributed by these top 5 banks. Therefore we can say that most of the banking business is concentrated around these top banks. Similarly these 5 banks have highest depositor base and enjoy more than 50% of total deposits. More than 75% of the profits of the banking sector have been earned by these banks. So, in order to remain in the market and continue doing business, the medium and small sized banks will have to remain committed to continuous improvement in service quality as well as product innovation.[12] The literature on Profitability of a bank is vast and a great deal has been written about the determinants of the Profitability. It is evident from the studies that there are two types of factors determining the profitability of a bank; internal and external. Internal factors may be bank specific characteristics and external may be macroeconomic environment and market/industry characteristics; Ramlall (2009).[13] Size, capital, efficiency and credit risk are considered as the most significant Internal determinants in most of the studies. Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic (1998) and Akhavein et al. (1997), all have identified that a positive relationship exists between size and profitability. As far as capital is concerned, if a bank has higher level of capital it can meet its regulatory capital requirement easily and may even have surplus funds to give out as loans in order for it to earn higher profits, Havrylchyk et al. (2006).Furthermore, if a bank has efficient operations it should be able to earn higher profits as it would be able to maximize its net markup/interest income, Molyneux and Thornton (1992). Finally, we know that in order to earn higher return one has to take higher risks. But if the credit risk is increasing it does not necessarily mean that the bank will be able to generate higher returns as more loan loss provisions would have to be kept aside, thus compromising profitability. This negative relation was found by Miller and Noulas (1997).[14] The external factors can be divided into Macroeconomic Determinants and Industry Specific determinants. The macro-economic factors include; interest rate, cyclical output, the level of economic development and stock market capitalization. Cyclical output and the level of economic development usually represent the business cycles since banks profits are expected to be related with the business cycles, being higher in case of boom and lower in case of bust, Demirguc-Kunt and Huizinga (2001) and Bikker and Hu (2002). Havrylchyk et al. (2006) found that stock market capitalization and banks profitability are negatively related as equity and bank financing are substitutes of each other. A good example is the quality of managerial decisions (Berger and Mester, 1999). The quality of bank management is closely related to corporate governance (DeYoung and Rice, 2004).[15] The industry-specific factors include, may be the regulatory environment and the market sentiments in which all the banks operate. Basically, a concentrated market will confer higher profits for banks as they are able to tap a higher market share relative to banks capturing only a small portion of the market. On the other hand, in case of a well-diversified market structure, banks are expected to enjoy low profits level on the back of a highly competitive market structure.[16] During the recent global financial crisis, Liquidity has had a very important role. When the crisis hit, the surplus units who had provided the funds in the market started pulling out. This substantially increased the demand for liquidity. Banks all over the world faced problems and in some extreme cases they had to merge with other banks. As a result, in order to revive the financial stability local authorities had to step in and inject liquidity in many countries, Longworth (2010); Bernanke (2008).[17] Later on, the authorities made it an obligation for banks that they increase their liquidity level in order to avoid inconvenience at the time of need. Policymakers have suggested that banks should hold more liquid assets than in the past, to help selfÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ insure against potential liquidity or funding difficulties. Since liquid assets such as cash and government securities generally have a relatively low return, holding them imposes an opportunity cost on a bank. If the regulation regarding liquidity is absent, the bank will only hold liquid assets until the point where it does not compromise the profitability of the bank. The reason for this behavior by banks is that liquidity compromises profitability. If one wants to increase liquidity, profitability will automatically be decreased and vice versa. However in time of need, the policymakers can regulate by ordering the banks to increase liquidity beyond that point, in order to ensure overall financial stab ility. The analysis of liquidity holdings for firms has been done in a great deal of literature. However, literature regarding the impact of liquidity and its relation to the profitability of a bank is limited. This relationship is not the focus of this paper; it is one of the angles that we will be looking at. Berger (1995) looked into the statistical relationships between earnings of banks and capital for U.S. banks over the period of six years, from 1983-89. He found out that in perfect capital markets with symmetric information,[18]there is a positive relationship between capital and return on equity. These results, according to various scholars, are consistent with the expected bankruptcy cost hypothesis. In other words, if the bank has higher level of capital, it will decrease the cost of funding and cost of issuing additional capital to such an extent that at some point it might even offset the costs completely. While Berger (1995) applies the concept of the expected bankruptcy cost hypothesis in the realm of capital, it is also conceptually applicable to the impact of liquid assets on profitability, whereby banks holding more liquid assets benefit from a superior perception in funding markets, reducing their financing costs and increasing profitability.[19] According to Morris and Shin (2010), illiquidity risk is one of the components of Credit Risk. The model gives a formula for illiquidity risk and the authors show that if the liquidity ratio of a bank increases it reduces the probability of illiquid default. If an increase in the relative liquid assets holdings of a bank decreases its probability of default, and if the expected bankruptcy cost hypothesis is indeed correct, then holdings of liquid assets should exhibit a positive relationship with bank profits. On the contrary, holding liquid assets means the bank will have low return relative to other assets, thereby having a negative effect on profitability. Thus, overall, we expect liquid assets to exhibit a nonÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ linear relationship to bank profitability in which increasing liquid assets would improve a banks profitability through the expected bankruptcy cost hypothesis, as long as the benefit of holding liquid assets is more than the opportunity cost of low return. Interest spreads and margins play a very important role in determining the profitability of a bank. A comprehensive review of determinants of interest spreads is offered by Hanson and Rocha (1986). That paper summarizes the role that implicit and explicit taxes play in raising spreads and goes on to discuss some of the determinants of bank cost and profits, such as inflation, scale economies, and market structure. Using aggregate interest data for 29 countries in the years 1975-1983, the authors find a positive correlation between interest margins and inflation. Brock and Suarez (2000), for example, show a negative relationship between bank spreads and NPLs over total loans for most Latin American banking systems.[20] The balance sheet structure of a bank is another determinant of the profitability of a bank. On the asset side, a larger share of loans to total assets should imply more interest revenue because of the higher risk. However, loans also have higher operational costs because they need to be originated, serviced and monitored. All in all, profitability should increase with a larger share of loans to assets as long as interest rates on loans are liberalized and the bank applies mark-up pricing. In this vein, Demirguc-Kunt and Huizinga (1999) report that banks with a relatively high share of non-interest earning assets are less profitable. In addition, government intervention can also affect the balance sheet structure. Fry (1994) shows that administered lending and deposit rates result in the misallocation of credit. On the liability side, a larger proportion of deposits should, in principle, increase profitability as they constitute a more stable and cheaper funding compared to borrowed funds. However, they also require widespread branching and other expenses. Such related costs seem to weigh more than the benefits in emerging countries (Demirguc-Kunt and Huizinga, 1999).[21] Bank size is generally considered a relevant determinant of profitability but there no consensus on the direction of influence. On the one hand, a bank of a large size should reduce costs because of economies of scale. In fact, more diversification opportunities should allow to maintain (or even increase) returns while lowering risk. On the other hand, large size can also imply that the bank is much harder to manage or it could be the consequence of a banks aggressive growth strategy. The empirical evidence is also mixed. Goddard et al. (2004), Garcia-Herrero and Vazquez (2007) show that very large banks in the industrial countries tend to be more profitable. Sitroh and Rumble (2006) found out that smaller banks are more profitable.[22] Market power may also influence profitability, according to two well-known theoretical models. The first one is the structure-conduct-performance hypothesis, which asserts that a positive relationship between the interest rate margin and concentration (a proxy for market power) reflects non-competitive pricing behavior. The second one is the efficient-structure hypothesis, for which a banks higher interest margin is attributable to more operational efficiency, better management or better production technologies. Since these banks will also gain a larger market share (another proxy for market power), the structure will become more concentrated due to efficiency gains (Berger, 1995). The policy implications of the two hypotheses go in opposite directions. Under the structure conduct theory, high profits stem from market power so that antitrust regulation is welcome to allocate resources more efficiently. By contrast, under the efficient-structure hypothesis, breaking up efficient banks , or forbidding them to grow, may raise social costs by leading to less favorable prices for consumers. The empirical evidence on concentration or market share and profitability is mixed.[23] Finally, the macroeconomic environment may also influence bank profitability through many different channels. Credit risk, for example, is influenced by economic growth, inflation and the level of real interest rates as they affect the borrowers repayment ability and the value of collateral. Demirguc-Kunt and Huizinga (1999) show empirical evidence that rapid economic growth and high real interest rates increase profitability for a large number of countries. Inflation is generally associated with higher profitability as it implies additional earnings from float, which tend to compensate for the higher labour costs (Hanson and Rocha, 1986; Bourke, 1989; and Boyd et al. 2001). Higher real interest rates have also been found to foster profitability, especially in developing countries (Demirguc-Kunt and Huizinga, 1999). This may reflect the fact that demand deposits frequently pay zero or below market rates, even more so in developing countries. In the same vein, interest rate volatility generally implies higher interest margins as banks generally manage to transfer the higher risk to their clients (Ho and Saunders 1981, Maudos and Fernndez de Guevara 2004).[24] COMPETITORS ANALYSIS Just like any business, the competitors of a firm are the whole industry, but to make the comparison more realistic one has to identify the immediate competitors. The immediate competitors that I have identified for this research are JS Bank and Silk Bank. The rationale for selecting these banks as competitors is that both these banks are similar to KASB Bank in terms of their Assets and number of branches. To check the performance of KASB Bank in all respects, it will be compared to these two banks. From the preliminary analysis of these three banks, I found out that JS Bank and Silk Bank are producing profits for their shareholders regularly while KASB Bank is not. The following financial analysis will put light on the banks standing as compared to its peers. KASB BANK 2011 2010 2009 PERFORMANCE Spread 10.28% -0.21% -8.76% Net Markup/interest Margin -0.66% -0.02% -0.074 ROE -0.027 -1.41 -0.99 ROA -3.45% -4.64% -7.08% Non Markup/Interest to TA 1.30% 1.65% 1.82% Net Markup/Interest expense to total income 1.05% -2.24% -3.97% Markup/Interest expense to Markup/Interest Income 110.28% 100.21% 108.76% Admin Expense-to-Profit Before Tax -0.89 -0.86 -48.00% Non Markup/Interest to Total Income 57.49% 49.21% 49.07% Admin expense to non-markup/interest income 2.94 3.08 2.52 Earnings per Share -1.29 -2.87 -4.54 LEVERAGE RATIOS Capital Adequacy Ratio 8.00% -3.56% 3.53% Total Deposits to Total Equity 6.59 24.07 10.04 LIQUIDITY Cash Cash equivalents to total assets 21.52% 6.17% 5.06% Investment to total Assets 21.30% 21.85% 22.26% Advances net of provisions to total assets 40.15% 51.34% 49.04% Deposits to Total Assets 84.71% 79.36% 71.82% Total Liabilities to Total Assets 95.18% 94.94% 91.12% Gross Advances to Deposits 56.85% 76.07% 77.74% Gross Advances to borrowing and Deposit 52.92% 66.60% 64.86% LOAN LOSS COVERAGE NPLs to Gross Advances 34.44% 27.08% 21.60% Provisions against NPLs to Gross Advances 16.62% 14.95% 12.15% NPLs to shareholders equity 128.95% 495.69% 168.58% NPLs write off to NPLs Provisions 4.86% 24.61% 47.64% Provision against NPLs to NPL 48.27% 55.22% 56.26% SILKBANK 2011 2010 2009 PERFORMANCE Spread 22.31% 12.53% 0.98% Net Markup/interest Margin 2.06% 1.17% 0.08% ROE 0.04 -0.08 -14.74 ROA 0.77% -1.56% -4.23% Non Markup/Interest to TA 0.93% 1.63% 0.96% Net Markup/Interest expense to total income 4.96% 0.85% -3.28% Markup/Interest expense to Markup/Interest Income 77.69% 87.47% 99.02% Admin Expense-to-Profit Before Tax 2.78 -2.55 -0.65 Non Markup/Interest to Total Income 43.20% 38.21% 40.50% Admin expense to non-markup/interest income 4.46 2.66 4.15 Earnings per Share 0.26 -0.42 -3.22 LEVERAGE RATIOS Capital Adequacy Ratio 6.65% 5.24% 0.56% Total Deposits to Total Equity 3.41 4.15 251.95 LIQUIDITY Cash Cash equivalents to total assets 5% 4.82% 4.77% Investment to total Assets 19.35% 18.15% 29.39% Advances net of provisions to total assets 55.07% 61.04% 46.75% Deposits to Total Assets 70.66% 76.66% 72.25% Total Liabilities to Total Assets 93.78% 93.35% 97.43% Gross Advances to Deposits 86.32% 95.01% 81.82% Gross Advances to borrowing and Deposit 67.57% 80.71% 62.74% LOAN LOSS COVERAGE NPLs to Gross Advances 19.93% 23.35% 29.29% Provisions against NPLs to Gross Advances 9.71% 16.19% NPLs to shareholders equity 58.63% 92.02% 6039.17% NPLs write off to NPLs Provisions 48.94% 2.66% 27.19% Provision against NPLs to NPL 48.74% 69.34% 71.43% JSBANK 2011 2010 2009 PERFORMANCE Spread 40.18% 31.66% 28.51% Net Markup/interest Margin 3.18% 2.65% 2.19% ROE 0.04 -0.06 -0.11 ROA 0.66% -1.03% -1.81% Non Markup/Interest to TA 1.41% 0.85% 1.03% Net Markup/Interest expense to total income 3.46% 2.31% -0.16% Markup/Interest expense to Markup/Interest Income 59.82% 68.34% 71.49% Admin Expense-to-Profit Before Tax 3.93 -2.97 -1.2 Non Markup/Interest to Total Income 41.64% 51.31% 60.56% Admin expense to non-markup/interest income 2.74 5.55 5.11 Earnings per Share 0.36 -0.50 -0.97 LEVERAGE RATIOS Capital Adequacy Ratio 16.13% 17.64% 23.99% Total Deposits to Total Equity 4.25 3.63 3.79 LIQUIDITY Cash Cash equivalents to total assets 7.42% 8.17% 10.90% Investment to total Assets 42.03% 34.79% 28.99% Advances net of provisions to total assets 33.08% 35.49% 35.54% Deposits to Total Assets 73.71% 66.72% 64.79% Total Liabilities to Total Assets 83.89% 85.18% 82.81% Gross Advances to Deposits 46.16% 55.20% 57.09% Gross Advances to borrowing and Deposit 42.78% 45.61% 46.17% LOAN LOSS COVERAGE NPLs to Gross Advances 14.97% 13.12% 7.04% Provisions against NPLs to Gross Advances 2.77% 3.64% 3.93% NPLs to shareholders equity 29.38% 26.29% 15.24% NPLs write off to NPLs Provisions 29.43% 25.88% 161.80% Provision against NPLs to NPL 18.50% 27.72% 55.72% PERFORMANCE / PROFITABILITY RATIOS The Profitability ratios of the competitor banks i.e JS Bank and Silk Bank, show that they are much better off than KASB Bank. Both these banks are generating profits at an increasing rate while KASB Bank is producing consistent losses for past three years. The negative ROE suggests that the losses are wiping out the equity of the bank. The ROE of JS Bank and Silk Bank is increasing steadily whereas The ROE of KASB Bank declined further in FY10 and then increased but remained a negative figure. The Return on Assets for KASB Bank has also been negative throughout showing that not enough return is being generated either because of the poor management or poor asset quality. The competitors for the three years ROA are more than KASB Bank, which means that they are utilizing their assets better. Net Interest Margin ratio is the difference between interest income and interest expense as a percentage of assets. The NIM ratio is negative for KASB Bank, it shows that the bank has been doing poor asset liability management. Non-interest income as a percentage of total assets is roughly the same for all banks. The ratio of interest expensed to interest earned shows that the interest expenses of KASB Bank are more than the interest income can cover which is an alarming situation. The competitors ratios suggest that their interest incomes earned are well above the interest expenses they have been incurring. Earnings before taxes have been negative so all the ratios associated with EBIT come out to be negative. The Administrative expenses as a percentage of non-interest income, as compared to peers, show that the bank has not been spending as much money as it should have on its human resources which can be reason for poor management of the bank. EPS has also been decreasing consistently. CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO Capital Adequacy Ratio is basically used to protect depositors and promote the stability and efficiency of financial systems around the world. Two types of capital are measured: tier one capital, which can absorb losses without a bank being required to cease trading, and tier two capital, which can absorb losses in the event of a winding-up and so provides a lesser degree of protection to depositors. The ratios calculated for these banks show that KASB Bank has had lower ratios than required by BASEL II and III. Silk Bank has even lower ratios than the required. Only JS Bank has had capital well above the required by the BASEL III. LEVERAGE RATIOS Total Deposits to Total equity ratio indicates the level of leverage in the Bank. The ratios show that KASB Bank has taken quite a lot of debt with respect to its equity. JS Bank has reasonable leverage. Total deposits are lesser times equity than other banks. It shows that KASB Bank has been taking on quite a lot of debt in past few years then it can handle. LIQUDITY RATIOS Liquidity is always inversely proportional to Profitability. We have seen in the ratios that the profitability of KASB Bank has been decreasing in past few years, it means that its liquidity has been increasing, and this notion is easily backed by the ratios that have been calculated. JS Bank has had an opposite trend over the years; the liquidity has been decreasing steadily. Silk Bank on the other hand has been maintaining the level of its liquidity. KASB and Silk Bank have a similar percentage of total assets in securities investments while JS Bank has been increasing the investments during past few years. Also in KASB Bank, the proportion on total assets being financed by deposits has been increasing and it has reached 84.71%, while the other two peer banks have kept it near 70%. Increasing the reliance on deposits to finance assets is not advisable after a certain extent and KASB Bank is taking substantial risk by doing so. LOAN LOSS COVERAGE Looking at the financials of all three banks, it is clear that KASB Bank has the highest proportion of NPLs with respect to total advances. In FY11, the NPLs as a proportion of total loan has reached 34.44% which is quite alarming especially when the bank is already in losses. Silk Bank has been reducing its NPLs and it has been successful in doing that. JS Bank has the lowest NPLs but they have been increasing over the years, although still quite less than both peer banks. However, if we look at the Provisioning for NPLs, KASB Bank and Silk Bank have been doing a better job than JS bank to cover their loan losses. Non-Performing Loans to Shareholders equity also gives us an interesting picture. KASB Banks NPLs are substantially more than the shareholders equity, thus wiping out the equity of the bank.

The American Revolution - 1543 Words

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Sci 241 Week 5 - 24609 Words

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Integrating Open Data reuse Business Models †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Open Data reuse Business Models. Answer: Introduction Zoopla is a British company co-owned by Daily Mail, General Trust and Countrywide, a real estate agent. Zoopla PLC was founded in 2007, and its website started being operational in January 2008 (Yoruk 2018). Alex Chesterman and Simon Kain established the company. The company offers work-flow tools to more than 40000 and letting agents across the United Kingdom. Since its initiation, the company has grown tremendously becoming the best property portal in 2011 and the Best Brand in 2013 (Yoruk 2018). The company target UK national adults who are settling down and looking for houses (Field 2014). In 2016, Zoopla was ranked the second among the best performing property search engines commanding about 38% of the market share. However, Zoopla faces a stiff competition from Rightmove who are top among all companies as well as On The Market which was launched in January 2015 (Fraser 2017). Zoopla has continued to create and grow brand awareness and constant customer engagement as well as investing heavily in advertising and marketing (Brown 2016, pp. 18). Subsequently, Zoopla brand awareness had increased among adults from 26% in 2010 to 80% in 2014 (Hilary 2015). To counter competition, Zoopla Company has also invested heavily in product differentiation to stand out, maintain uniqueness and help in staying ahead of the competitors. For instance, unlike other competitors such as On The Market only offering the listing of the property alone due to its limited search tools, Zoopla will help its customers to be aware of when the property was first listed and the history of how the price of the same property was reduced. The above aspects are critical for buyers to consider when considering the price offer for a particular property (CollinsonandMonaghan 2017). Zoopla Company has also proved to be among the best among the property search companies in the UK due to its strategy of cornering a fledging market commonly referred to as merger and acquisition to ensure that it gain a competitive edge. By 2016, Zoopla had purchased nearly all of its competitors totalling to 13 as well as several mergers (Yoruk 2018). The strategy has given Zoopla an added advantage of accumulation of more revenue and income which as results makes it one of the most performing properties and real estate Company in the UK. For instance, in 2016, Zoopla got ahead of its rivals by acquiring software company, Property Software Group for 75 million pounds thus giving it direct access to more than 8000 estate agents across the UK (Yoruk 2018). In 2015, it acquired Comparison Services from Uswitch. The process helped Zoopla Property Group to grow its revenue to 96.4 million pounds by March 2016 (Fletcher 2016). Zoopla has also derived its unmatched success from improving the customer experience by providing more services which are helpful to their clients. The company has focused entirely on its mission of continuous innovation aiming at enhancing the consumer experience. Zoopla has strived to transform its professional expertise by delivering more exceptional value at a lower cost to its consumer making them a leading player in the market (Verbeke 2013, pp. 30). Thus, Zoopla existence and success in the property market has been felt across the UK following its well-crafted branding. The position ensures that they offer the best customer experience brought by continued product differentiation, merger and acquisition as well as providing their clients with tools which give more exposure to help in making decisions. A business strategy is an action plan developed to achieve a specific goal (Johnson 2016, pp. 39). It is also the scope and direction of a business over a long time which gives an organisation a competitive advantage while using its resources within the changing business environment, and at the same time striving to meet the market needs and the needs of its various shareholders (Montgomery 2011, pp. 12). Zoopla has adopted strategies such as merger and acquisition, product differentiation as well as value creation which have helped it grow revenue by 130 % up to 96.4 million pounds in between 2015 and 2016 (Yoruk 2018). Zoopla Property Group is striving to obtain more information from the market to be able to adjust to the changing conditions and needs of the changing environment. Currently, UKs government has policies which are supporting technological advancements within its state. Being an online search engine, Zoopla has capitalised on the process to grow massively and tremendously. Zoopla has been able to maintain its position at the forefront through the launch of various mobile and other digital platforms to enable its customers to access their services quickly and easily. Through their continued innovation and acquisition of different software companies, Zoopla has grown to reach up to 54 million visitors on their sites per month in 2017 (Fletcher 2016). In 2017, the British economy was ranked the sixth largest economy in the world growing at 1.7%. The household consumption stood at 1.5% in the same year (Yoruk 2018). The British government is also striving to reduce the unemployment rate and also reduce the taxation rate to enable various investors ready to invest more in the housing sector (Field 2014). With this decreasing rate of unemployment in the UK, more adults are earning a good salary and have access to mortgages which increase the demand and need to own homes. Consequently, it means that more people in the UK are using Zoopla to search for various properties to buy thus increasing revenue (Pannell and Blood 2014, pp. 56). Economic growth is directly related to consumer spending levels in the UK. Many residents in the UK seeking to own a home are highly motivated by the quality of the property being offered as well as the pricing (Tallon 2013, pp. 6). Thus, when buying a property, the UK citizens have behaviour of looking at that area which provides a higher value at a much lower cost. In the UK, the government profoundly controls planning of housing; it encourages the house builders to offer a small costing housing accompanied with more affordable and lavish properties (Field 2014). Therefore it has helped Zoopla grow its customer number since it provides all the information on affordable and quality housing as encouraged by the government. Many socio-cultural factors in the UK influence the residents investment on property buying (Tallon 2013, pp. 7). Due to increase economic growths in Britain, houses are erected around educational centres, retail and leisure facilities with the aim of avoiding future social problems. The UK government has heavily invested in social amenities such as security, hospitals and schools (Tallon 2013, pp. 8). Hence, many estates and other properties are located in areas with such facilities which most home buyers in the UK deem important when considering where to buy home. Thus, with such amenities being found around most areas, the residents will have an urge to buy a house in any place across the country (Field 2014). It has forced many people to choose Zoopla as the avenue to search for various properties since Zoopla has stood out to offer such necessary information to its clients (Pannell and Blood 2014, pp. 56). Zoopla has been operating in a very competitive environment from companies such as Rightmove and On The Market (Fraser 2017). However, since it launched its services, Zoopla has grown and right now the services are at the maturity level of the service lifecycle. Characterized by massive merger and acquisition, Zoopla is ranked second after Rightmove Property Company. Throughout its growth stage, Zoopla had the opportunity to merge and buy other companies like Uswitch and Property Software Group which helped it continue to grow and maintain competition (Fletcher 2016). With the fact that 90% of the property enquiries are now digital, Zoopla has invested 50% of its marketing budget on digital marketing; social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and other percentage has been dedicated to other forms of advertising including print, Television and radio advertising (Proctor 2014, pp. 8). The marketing strategy has helped Zoopla grow its brand awareness every year with up to 76% of the adults being aware of Zoopla by 2014 (Yoruk 2018). According to Porters five forces of analysis, threats from new entrants and threats from substitute products like from Rightmove and On The Market are giving Zoopla a stiff competition which poses a significant threat to the organisation (Fraser 2017). Zoopla has been able to use this feature as its strength to edge out its competitors, which has worked very well. The element becomes relevant since most customers prefer the site which gives them enough information they need before investing in any property. However, the company faces stiff threats from On The Market Property Company who are striving to overtake Zoopla and become the second-ranked company in the UK. Since it was launched in January 2015, On The Market is Zoopla a stiff competition, and at times it lists more properties that Zoopla (Fraser 2017). Zoopla marketing strategy allows the company to be more diverse in the market. The policy marks a right approach in the development and execution of its plans to re-position itself in the market and be on the competitive edge of the property search segment (Stamova 2016, pp. 8). With the plan in play, the following section highlights Zoopla marketing mix. A more sustainable marketing mix gives the company an opportunity to improve its marketing strategy thus improving organisations level of sustainability (Johnson 2016, pp. 41). Product/Service: The service offered by Zoopla forms its essential part, and it defines the company, and which promotes the companys brand. However, place positioning strategy and new segmentation, Zoopla need to continue improving its services and launching more platforms for its clients to counter the competition from its competitors (Hilary 2015). Pricing: According to Zoopla CEO Alex Chesterman, Zoopla motive is to transform consumer experience by offering more services to its customers and also transform their professional expertise by providing more excellent value at a lower cost thus creating more marketing share and becoming ahead of competitors (Proctor 2014, pp. 9). Place: Since most of Zoopla services are accessed online, the company should ensure that it launches more platforms for the customers to be able to access more services. It has been made possible by the acquisition of more software platform like Property Software Group (Fletcher 2016). However, Zoopla has continued to invest more in acquiring other subsidiary property sites to ensure that it takes control of the online property search engines. Promotion: To keep up with the competition, Zoopla has used its brand awareness strategy throughout the UK to ensure it reaches a massive number of the UK adult population which is their target clients (Tallon 2013, pp. 9). It has continued to use both offline and online advertising avenues to boost its brand awareness. Until 2014, the company was able to increase its brand awareness up to 76% of the population (Hilary 2015). Zoopla improving and renewing marketing mix would allow it to have a better and stronger market position in the market and also develop the organisations theme from a developmental point of view (Whitehead et al. 2015, pp.12). An important part of any marketing tactic is connected to how well the company promotes itself in the market (Proctor 2014, pp. 10). A combination of a market mix with well-organised and viable promotions would improve Zoopla position in the market. Conclusion The company has positioned itself in the market as an intermediary between the home buyers and the real estate, and property sellers. Many companies have emerged, with the recent case being that of On The Market posing a significant threat to the company. Thus, Zoopla should come up with new services which are distinctive to remain unique and competitive in the market. As the online shopping rise due to advanced technology, more opportunities are based around optimising and expanding services to fit the growing digital marketing (Proctor 2014, pp. 10). Zoopla should use the data gathered from customer feedback to improve the listing. Additionally, the company should list the properties that are popular and most preferred by the property buyers. The buying behaviour of the home buyers in the UK is influenced by several factors which Zoopla should take into consideration when listing; which will bring a positive client reaction since whatever they want is explicitly contained in the we bsite and readily available. From the information gathered, Zoopla should ensure that it capitalises on strong brand awareness through adverting and that they narrow the market and be more specific and target the customer specifications. The tactic will maintain the number of clients who visit the website to search for properties and consequently increase traffic. Zoopla can also benefit from the investment in big promotions by seeking brand ambassadors who will ensure that brand awareness is heightened (Brown 2016, pp. 20). With the effects of Brexit in 2016 already creeping in, UKs economy might go down, and Zoopla should ensure that they factor in the effects when evaluating the strategies for any changes in the marketplace. By doing so, the company will ensure that it is ahead of the game and the changes will not affect its operations to a large extent. References Brown, S. (2016).Brands and branding. Sage, pp. 17-26. Collinson,P.andMonaghan, A. (Dec 2017). Desperate UK homeowners are cutting prices, says Zoopla. The Guardian.[Online]. Available from: https://www.the guardian.com/business/2017/dec/18/desperate-uk-homeowners-are-cutting-prices-warns-zoopla[accessed on 30 March 2018]. Field, M. (2014). CBC Housing and Homelessness Strategy 2014-19, pp.41-49. Fletcher, N. (Apr 2016). Zoopla jumps 2% after 75m software deal. The Guardian. [Online]. Available from:https://www.theguardian.com/business/marketforceslive/2016/apr/19/zoopla-jumps-2-after-75m-software-deal [accessed on 30 March 2018]. Fraser, I. (JULY 2017). Battle of the property portals continues as OnTheMarket wins competition case. The Telegraph. [Online]. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/07/05/battle-property-portals-continues-onthemarket-wins-competition/[accessed on 30 March 2018]. Hilary, O. (Jan 2015). Can Onthemarket.com beat Rightmove and Zoopla?. The Guardian. [Online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/jan/26/property-site-onthemarket-rightmove-zoopla-selling-houses [accessed on 30 March 2018]. Johnson, G. (2016).Exploring strategy: text and cases. Pearson Education; pp. 39-49. Montgomery, C.A. ed. (2011).Resource-based and evolutionary theories of the firm: towards a synthesis. Springer Science Business Media, pp. 12-17. Pannell, J. and Blood, I. (2014). Quality and choice for older peoples housing: what can a new Private Rented Sector offer?, pp. 56-65. Proctor, T. (2014).Strategic marketing: an introduction. Routledge, pp. 8-11. Stamova, T. (2016).Integrating open data reuse into the business models of German companies(Master's thesis, University of Twente), pp. 5-14 Tallon, A. (2013).Urban Regeneration in the UK. Routledge, pp. 6-9. Verbeke, A. (2013).International business strategy. Cambridge University Press, pp. 28-35. Whitehead, C.M., Sagor, E., Edge, A. and Walker, B. (2015). Understanding the local impact of new residential development: a pilot study, pp. 11-18. Yoruk, B. (JAN 2018).UK retailers slump but Zoopla kicks off high-yield issuance. Reuters. [Online]. Available from: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-retailers-slump-but-zoopla-kicks-off/uk-retailers-slump-but-zoopla-kicks-off-high-yield-issuance-idUKL8N1P34V8[accessed on 30 March 2018]. Zoopla (January 2011) Zoopla welcomes Charlotte Harper as Marketing Director. [online]. Available from: https://www.zoopla.co.uk/press/releases/zoopla-welcomes-charlotte-harper-as-marketing-director/ [accessed on 30 March 2018].

Annotated Bibliography Internet Marketing Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Annotated Bibliography for Internet Marketing Strategy. Answer: Introduction: This article is elaborating about the Empirical Study of an Internet Marketing Strategy for Search Engine Optimization (Shih et al., 2013). Search engine optimization is one of the effective technological advancements that have brought lot of change in the marketing industry. The authors of this article are focusing in analyzing the impact of search engine for finding any kind of information through the internet in order to reach to some conclusion about any fact. The main purpose of this study is to develop a search engine optimization mechanism that helps enterprises in improving their ranking of websites in compared to search engine results. The organizations are searching for such an effective search engine optimization technique that will make their marketing techniques more useful to the viewers, bloggers and users of their websites. This article is proposing such an effective search engine optimization mechanism that will provide benefit to the users of those particular organi zations. The Role of Search Engine Optimization in Search Marketing This article is elaborating about the Role of Search Engine Optimization in Search Marketing (Berman Katona, 2013). Search marketing is one of the trending options for the business persons or organizations that are doing business over the globe and trying to attract their customers with respect to their demands and needs. The SEO provides support to the advertisers and sponsors to launch their products with the help of search engine optimization mechanism. According to the information provided in this article it is found that the quality of the search engine optimization mechanism provides the opportunity to the organizations in grabbing the customers attention and helps them in customers first choice. The authors of this article have nominated the search engine optimization technique the best one as it increases customer satisfaction. This article has presented the techniques followed by the search engine marketing processes with respect to search engine optimization technique. The Foremost Guidelines for Achieving Higher Ranking in Search Results through Search Engine Optimization This article is elaborating about the Foremost Guidelines for Achieving Higher Ranking in Search Results through Search Engine Optimization (Ur Rehman Khan, 2013). The Search engine optimization allows the web pages to generate right type of signals that the user needs. The authors of this article stated that the core technology used for search engine optimization is to upgrade both the contents as well as associated coding with it. The optimized websites has better ranks in comparison with other web sites. In addition to this, this paper is discussing about the impact of search engine optimization and its gaps or challenges that are introduced due to the use of search engine optimization techniques by the users. According to the authors, these gaps will be helpful in optimizing the web sites for their put them into a better rank than usually they are. The authors of this article are mainly elaborating these facts within this paper in order to analyze the impact of search engine opt imization with respect to user demands. Increasing libraries' content findability on the web with search engine optimization This article is explaining about the Increasing libraries' content findability on the web with search engine optimization (Onaifo Rasmussen, 2013). In contrast with this fact, the authors of this article are elaborating about the effective design of search engine optimization in order to improve the libraries of digital content findability on the web. This aspect not only attracts the users of search engine but also it reduces the effort that the users previously have to involve into the searches for finding something or some kinds of information. The authors of this article applied analytical tools for analyzing the performance visibility of the search engine optimization process. This is one of the most effective and revolutionary concept as per the comments and arguments of the authors in this essay. According to the research of the authors, it is found that the there are some websites that provides search engine optimization option for finding something from the digital library. Overlapping factors in search engine optimization and web accessibility This article is elaborating about the Overlapping factors in search engine optimization and web accessibility (Moreno Martinez, 2013). The web accessibility and search engine optimization are two internally connected and related aspects. With the help of search engine optimization the web accessibility will be increased with respect to the user demands. The authors of this article have introduced these two factors that are making revolutionary changes into the web usages. The main purposes of the authors are to analyze the effectiveness of the web accessibility in terms of search engine optimization in the contemporary time. In contrast with these facts, there are various characteristics factors present among the concept of web accessibility and search engine optimization approach, all of these approaches are being elaborated in this article. These overlapping factors are helpful in noticing the increasing rate of web accessibility and search engine optimization with respect to usag es of searches by the users of web services. Employing Search Engine Optimization Techniques in Online News Articles This article is elaborating about the Search Engine Optimization Techniques for online news articles (Giomelakis Veglis, 2015). The authors of this article are concerned with the fact about the changes done with the help of technologies in the contemporary times. In addition to these facts, this article is providing a brief description about the consuming news contents for the ease of operations of the viewer or users with respect to the contemporary scenario. There are chances of increase in popularity of major search engines as thy provides the visibility and high ranking facilities to the users. Search engine optimization is then considered as the effective solution to the effective and important users in order to maintain the searches as well as the findings in the web pages. Search engine optimization offers the effective and easy search operations to the users with respect to the effective solutions that are found in the web pages or web browsers. The authors of this article a re elaborating these kinds of measures in order to consider and highlight the effectiveness of the search engine optimization within the web pages. Consumer Click Behaviour at a Search Engine: The Role of Keyword Popularity This article is elaborating about the Consumer Click Behavior at a Search Engine with respect to the popularity of browsers (Kinshuk Jerath et al., 2014). This aspect measured with respect to the optimization techniques of the through the consumer click behaviour at search engine. The authors of this article discussed that there are various search engines within a web page but the popularity and optimization process in searching anything depends on the effectiveness of the search engines efficiency. This aspect makes the system architecture more easy and effective with respect to the demands and usages of the users. In accordance with the research done by the authors, this is found that there are variations within the searches of the users that are using the various search engines within a web page. These search engine optimization techniques and its efficiency is elaborated in this article. The power of search engine ranking for tourist destinations This article is elaborating about the power of search engine ranking for tourist destinations (Pan, 2015). The authors of this article have the concern for effective search engine optimization process. The search engines attracts the users from various perspective and provides the effective search results to the users with respect to their demands and needs form the web browsers. The author of this article is concerned about the click through rates for managing the effectiveness of the search engine optimization process. All of these aspects are taken into consideration in order to maintain the effectiveness within the system architecture of the tourist destination searching process. Every tourist are interested in exact results in order to maintain effectiveness. The authors considered the search engine optimization process in order to provide effectiveness towards the tourists while they are searching any specific area of interest. A Search Engine Backed by Internet-Wide Scanning This article is elaborating about the Search Engine Backed by Internet-Wide Scanning (Durumeric et al., 2015). In addition to this, the authors stated that the internet-wide scanning process has introduced the new avenues for security researches that helped the authors in solving various issues involved in search engine. The public search engine data are collected from the data server in order to maintain the databases. The authors are concerned about the negotiating about the facility backed by data collected aspects. This aspects are used in order to correct the vulnerable devices used for various searches. Search engine architecture is also concerned in this article. Supporting Privacy Protection in Personalized Web Search This article is elaborating about the Supporting Privacy Protection in Personalized Web Search (Shou et al., 2014). The authors of this article are concerned about various search services available in the internet. Among all of these web sites and internet searches various options are compared and contrasted in order to maintain the effectiveness of the research. The authors of this article are concerned about the search engine optimization process that provides effective structuring to the users in order to utilize the search engine optimization process. Effective frameworks are also elaborated in this article in order to elaborate about the structure of the search engine optimization process. The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced This article is elaborating about the evolution of 4G cellular systems with respect to LTE standards (Dahlman et al., 2013). The authors of this article are elaborating about the long term evolution advanced technology perspectives within the technically advanced era. These aspects have great impact on the effective structure of search engine optimization process. The advanced technologies are helpful in solving various aspects that are helpful in providing the optimized search engine options to the users. The authors of this article are explaining the impact of 4G and 3G within the search engine optimization process for making the sites more effective and advanced with respect to the effective structuring of web sites. Search Engine Optimization Techniques to get High Score in SERPs Using Recommended Guidelines This article is elaborating about the Engine Optimization Techniques to get High Score in SERPs Using Recommended Guidelines (Ul Mustafa et al., 2015). The author of this article is concerned about the marketing disciplines concerned with the search engine optimization process involved within the system architecture of the web searches. The authors of this article also concerned about the On-Page SEO a strategy which helps the users in finding the effective things through the web searches. The authors are presenting an effective research perspective that will be helping the users and followers in understanding the effectiveness of the search engine optimization process. In addition to this, SEO has become the effective element for managing the searches within the web pages. There are some bold and coloured texts identified in the assignment but most of these are captured in the heading and name of the articles. Yes there are words that consist of more than three words in the assignment as this. These words are not quotation but these are the article names and heading of the reviews. No there is no direct quotation that took more than 10% of the essay. Yes there are bold coloured texts that are matching with the originality report of the assignment as these are captured in the part of headings and article name part. There are some short strings that are matching with the similarity report as these are captured in the part of headings and article names and some of the texts. The sources are well paraphrases but there are some technical terms involved within the essay. References Berman, R., Katona, Z. (2013). The role of search engine optimization in search marketing.Marketing Science,32(4), 644-651. [Online: https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mksc.2013.0783] Dahlman, E., Parkvall, S., Skold, J. (2013).4G: LTE/LTE-advanced for mobile broadband. Academic press. Durumeric, Z., Adrian, D., Mirian, A., Bailey, M., Halderman, J. A. (2015, October). A search engine backed by Internet-wide scanning. InProceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 542-553). ACM. [Online: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2813703] Giomelakis, D. Veglis, A. (2015). Employing Search Engine Optimization Techniques in Online News Articles.Studies In Media And Communication,3(1). doi:10.11114/smc.v3i1.683. [Online: https://www.redfame.com/journal/index.php/smc/article/view/683] Kinshuk Jerath, Liye Ma, and Young-Hoon Park (2014) Consumer Click Behavior at a Search Engine: The Role of Keyword Popularity. Journal of Marketing Research: August 2014, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 480-486.[Online: https://journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jmr.13.0099?code=amma-site] Moreno, L., Martinez, P. (2013). Overlapping factors in search engine optimization and web accessibility.Online Information Review,37(4), 564-580. [Online: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/OIR-04-2012-0063] Onaifo, D., Rasmussen, D. (2013). Increasing libraries' content findability on the web with search engine optimization.Library Hi Tech,31(1), 87-108. [Online: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/07378831311303958] Pan, B. (2015). The power of search engine ranking for tourist destinations.Tourism Management,47, 79-87. [Online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517714001678] Shih, B. Y., Chen, C. Y., Chen, Z. S. (2013). An empirical study of an internet marketing strategy for search engine optimization.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(6), 528-540. [Online: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hfm.20348/full] Shou, L., Bai, H., Chen, K., Chen, G. (2014). Supporting privacy protection in personalized web search.IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,26(2), 453-467. [Online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6329891/?reload=true] Ul Mustafa, R., Nawaz, M. S., Lali, M. I. (2015). Search engine optimization techniques to get high score in SERPs using recommended guidelines.Science International,26(6), 5079-5086. Ur Rehman, K., Khan, M. A. (2013). The foremost guidelines for achieving higher ranking in search results through Search Engine Optimization.International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology,52, 101-110. [Online: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/88e5/38c45110e6efe362a508f9fe37749858bc98.pdf]