10 Christopher Columbus Facts

An Analysis of I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died and Jilting...

In the article â€Å"Human Salvation in an Evolutionary World: An Exploration in Christian Naturalism† by Karl Peters, Peters states salvations is â€Å"not primarily to a future life after death but a transformation in this life of both ourselves and this world† (Peters, 845). Salvation is not only something that can be found after death; people can finds salvation at any point by deciding to make a transformation in their lives to better themselves as well as the world around them. However, most humans seek salvation to find solace in the critical moment of their death; individuals find comfort in the belief of life after death or an eternal sole. Several people find salvation through religious means. In Christianity, salvation is reached through†¦show more content†¦I must have told you that a thousand times’† (Porter, 81). No one around her grasps the intellect behind her thoughts; it is as if she is stuck in her own head. Porter’s use o f dialogue aids her usage of the stream of consciousness technique. Many times granny will think she is saying something aloud, but she is not, â€Å"She thought she spoke up loudly but no one answered† (Porter, 83). This emphasizes the importance of reality vs thought; what is really going on vs what is going on in Granny’s head. Another style technique Porter uses is irony. Granny is upset because God has â€Å"taken [her] by surprise† (Porter, 85). This is ironic because that morning Granny decided to â€Å"Let [death] take care of itself† (Porter, 81). Another example of irony, as stated by Barbra Laman in â€Å"Porter’s The Jilting of Granny Weatherall†, is Granny’s â€Å"Futile contest with an absent male god† (Laman, 281). Granny has never gotten over being jilted by George, even though she wants to tell him she â€Å"was given back everything he took away and more† (Porter, 83) she is still hurt and embarrassed b y what he did to her. She knows that thinking of George is a bad thing because, thinking of him plants â€Å"her soul in the deep pit of hell† (Porter, 82). Granny is unable to forgive George for jilting her and ironically is jilted again by God as a result. Granny’s inability to see God in the physical form leads her to act drastically,

Psychology Individual Differences

Question: Discuss about the Psychology for Individual Differences. Answer: Introduction Intelligence among humans is a very long sought topic of interest to the researchers. In general terms intelligence refers to the ability of a person to acquire knowledge, utilize and apply the knowledge and involve in abstract reasoning. The intellect of an individual is a direct harbinger of ones state of well being and mental health status. Psychologists have devised a novel technique to measure the intelligent score of a person by virtue of intelligent quotient (IQ). Testing of the IQ in a person renders useful insight into the genetic inheritance of intelligence. Apart from the hereditary component certain environmental and biological factors play significant contribution towards improved intelligence in persons. Parental encouragement, a stimulating surrounding, good reasoning skills, and repeated practice account for improved intelligence in persons. Additionally, biological factors pertaining to nutritional status (particularly in early childhood), prenatal care, devoid of an y sort of disease, physical trauma or any other co-morbidities also determines the expression of intelligence apart from health and wellness. The concept of intelligence is a multifaceted one and essentially comprises of numerous intermittent constituents encompassing verbal, numerical, reasoning, spatial, perceptual speed, fluency. Cattell proposed intelligence in terms of coining the terms for fluid and crystallized intelligence (Jewsbury, Bowden Duff, 2016). On the other hand, Gardener put forwarded the ideas of linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal that may be understood in the light of intelligence concept. However the difficulties in measuring intelligence emanate from the individual differences in cognitive abilities that often do not reflect in the test score. In this context, the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory may be mentioned that is based on the structure of human cognitive abilities. The vital componen ts of individual differences that underpin the performance of an individual in cognitive test form the basis of the CHC theory. The psychometric approach as followed in the influential CHC theory accounts for the individual difference in abilities thereby facilitating the study on human intelligence (Shum et al., 2013). CHC theory was formed out of conglomeration of two previously established theoretical models of intelligence: the Gf-Gc theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence as well as Carrolls Three Stratum Theory, a hierarchical three stratum framework of intelligence. Following, proportionate similarities between the two past theories; they were effectively amalgamated to result in the CHC theory. Nowadays CHC theory has been widely reckoned and deeply regarded as the most comprehensive and empirically backed theory of cognitive abilities and contributes towards valuable inputs in terms of testing the IQ scores. Profile score of Intelligence In psychological experiments and experimental analysis profile score is a widely used tool to measure the level of intelligence in a concerned person considering a number of pertinent factors that directly relate with the individuals cognitive abilities and perceptions measured through valid indicators and test predictors. Profile scores are evaluated in conjunction with the personality types that in turn predict the behavioral items. The purpose of the profile score is to analyze and find out whether profile in one or two test takers varies significantly. The personality profile depicts the individual persons positioning with respect to the multiple trait dimensions and allow for the measurement of profile similarity for distinct persons (Borkenau Leising, 2016). However, the concept of profile score is very much complex as it is dependent upon factors concerning numerous issues. In the context of intelligence evaluation, profile score has profound impact and importance. According to the CHC theory, three stratum model of cognitive abilities may be interpreted based upon general, broad and narrow cognitive abilities. Seventy narrow or specific abilities constitute the stratum one, eight primary second order abilities form the stratum two and finally the general intelligence form the stratum three. The broad cognitive abilities encompass a vast range including the fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, broad visual perception, broad auditory perception, general memory and learning, broad retrieval ability, braid cognitive speediness and finally processing speed. Intelligence analysis is a widely studied topic in modern research and profile score has been attributed with it to measure the level of intelligence (Mellers et al., 2015). The complexity of profile score may be indicated through understanding of the applications of the CHC theory. As per general notion, intelligence is perceived in terms of reading, writing and mathematics ability and failure to take into account these general cognitive capabilities connect with the learning disabilities and mental retardation eligibility. Therefore, the profile score may be utilized in this respect to assess the intelligence of an individual and corroboration of multiple factors into evaluation of this abstract attribute make it all the more complex. However, the significance of profile score cannot be negated in view of analyzing the intelligence in a person and hence demands insightful and careful prudence on the part of the psychologists and researchers to undertake a study in an effective manner. Strength and Weakness of Profile Score The role of psychometric analysis in assessing the outcomes of intelligence through expressions in terms of profile score may be understood through evaluation of the vital criteria like reliability, validity and reproducibility of the methods harbored. The involvement of several factors in the profile score linked to the assessment of intelligence in a person may be well addressed by weighed through its prospective advantages and disadvantages. The CHC theory is pivotal to the measurement of intelligence through profile score analysis. The strengths of profile score may be interpreted through evidences provided from empirical researches in support o the CHC theory under the categories consisting of structural, neurocognitive, heritability, developmental and outcome criterion. Structural analysis constitute evidences from factor analytic studies, outcome criteria concern evidences from differential linkages between several CHC abilities in conjunction with external outcomes involving reading, mathematics ability and occupation of the person. Neurocognitive component associates between CHC abilities and neurological operations. Differential inheritance pattern across populations distinctive to CHC abilities along with developmental outcomes with respect to different patterns of growth and decline across the life span may be understood as well referring to profile score. Pertaining to this context, the Wechsler tests that measure the general intelligence of a person may be mentioned where the tests appropriate to particular conditions and measuring the overall capability of an individual to understand and adapt to the surrounding environment. The Wechsler tests consist of a number of a range of tests concerning populations belonging to various age groups. For instance, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) are utilized repeatedly for psychometri c analysis. Thus the positive aspect of profile score highlights that the statement and response as designed in the study should match each other and thus essentially be understandable and unambiguous to all. Thus it imparts crucial role to identify and recognize definite learning disabilities and guide future interventions in practice (Miciak et al., 2014). Despite the benefits of profile score, there are limitations as well. The intra individual differences to varied cognitive abilities exhibited through profile score are not assessed effectively. The individual components during profile scoring need to be separately scrutinized so as to get an idea regarding the prevalence of the specific issues related to mental retardation and learning disabilities (Koriakin et al., 2016). The corroboration and correct interpretation of the data in case of scores differing by less than one standard deviation are required that is essential for any standard psychometric analytical tool. Drawback of single total score of IQ The level of intelligence occurring in a person is often linked to the score of his Intelligence Quotient (IQ). IQ scores enable the educators in detecting specific issues in pupils regarding their learning processes and adaptive strategies in response to changing environment. The identification of the prospective as well as the struggling students who encounter challenges in their daily discourse stood on the way of their emancipation of knowledge. However, often the IQ scores in the test subjects lead to production of negative outcomes in the pupils due to stereotyping and dearth of motivation generation in those pupils. Generally, this test score utilizes a standardized protocol to compare childrens abilities and performances by means of predicting the talent in the concerned students thereby helping the parents and teachers to tailor the educational plan customized to individual needs of the pupils (Ritchie t al., 2013). Classically the single test score of IQ generally gives add itional information concerning a range of IQ and not just merely a score. This range specification in case of the intelligence tests poses certain ambiguities and discrepancies in interpreting the findings. However, the IQ test scores are not full proof and have certain intrinsic limitations by means of restricting the peoples ideas to the concept of intelligence. Thus prediction of success often becomes faulty and misleading as the multidimensional aspect of intelligence is overlooked. The IQ test scores generally measure the verbal and logical-mathematical abilities in a person without emphasizing on the other crucial components of intelligence (McDermott, Watkins Rhoad 2014). The propositions made by American developmental psychologist Gardener in the year 1983 however stated nine types of intelligence among humans ranging from naturalist, musical, existential, logical-mathematical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, linguistic, spatial and intrapersonal abilities in a person an d all of them are not adequately addressed and assessed in IQ test score. Hence a single total score of IQ is not good enough to measure the intelligence in a particular individual and necessitates the improvisation of a novel tool that will incorporate all nine documented types of intelligence a parameters for measurement. Another major drawback of the single score of IQ emanates from the difference within the same individual from results of different IQ tests. Lack of uniformity in the score though may be minimized by means of visualizing the score in terms of a specific range. Another test known as the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability utilizes the CHC theory as the basis of their working hypothesis, and providing cognitive scores to the users by virtue of the Cognitive Performance Model (CPM). Recent researches have indicated that this CPM acts as intermediate factors lying between the second and third strata of the CHC based theoretical model (Taub McGrew, 2014). An in depth analysis of all the associated factors and cognitive abilities are evaluated in this test concerning visual-spatial thinking, auditory processing, speed of processing, comprehensive knowledge, long term retrieval, short term memory, sped of processing, quantitative knowledge, along with reading and writing skills. As a result, a general intellectual ability (GIA) or a brief intellectual ability (BIA) is procured that in turn is indicative of a comprehensive analysis of a general ability (g). The scoring pattern in this test is applied via weighted combination of multiple tests that are believed to underpin all intellectual performances suggestive of a single common ability. Hence, the single total score of IQ obtained from the concerned test give a more generalized proof for judging ones intelligence rather than assessing the necessary attribute holistically. Implication of single and profile score on intelligence The implications for the various assessment tools for intelligence may be effectively understood in the light of CHC theory on cognitive abilities. The single IQ score on intelligence is an indicator of a persons intelligence as it showcases certain vital aspects of cognition that in turn account for improved intelligence in the individual through repeated practice and honing of the skills. A crucial consideration of IQ score pattern in individuals refers to the perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed and verbal comprehension components of cognitive abilities. Research has provided evidences for differential responses in IQ test based upon the gender, age, educational level and socio-economic condition (Ariffin et al., 2010). The profile score on the other hand encompass emotional intelligence component that addresses behavioral profile that renders a noncritical behavioral analysis of an individual in an effort to highlight his or her strengths and areas of forte. The personal profile analysis expressed in terms of profile scores thus provide a more insightful and individualized response specific to a particular given scenario (Legree, Mullins Psotka 2016). Researchers often utilize this mode of scoring to evaluate the personalized response of the person pertinent to a specific scenario which in turn enables the psychologists to plan effective treatment modalities for the distressed individuals accordingly. Thus intelligence although a very dichotomous and poorly understood concept, holds implications and potentials for future research and practice. Conclusion The variability of human nature and psychology seem to affect the fundamental parameters of a persons well being and mental status. The evaluation of the personality types based on the profile scores in conjunction with intelligence quotient (IQ) that reflects upon the level of understanding and logical reasoning skills in a person thus provides a thorough insight and rational for analyzing the responses of individuals relevant to specific circumstances and the subsequent coping strategies with the prevalent scenarios. The CHC theory is a very useful and case appropriate theory to assess the outcomes of the various types of cognitive abilities in a person. A holistic consideration of all the factors pertaining to the acquisition and development of skills in a person ranging from the general intelligence, sensory perceptions, concepts of crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence to other broad spectrum and narrow range abilities thus ensure an overall evaluation of an individua ls needs in the real world situations. In fine, it may be said despite the presence of a numerous tool and devises pertinent to the measurement of intelligence till date, yet the assessments made cannot be said to be conclusive and therefore requires constant evaluations for correctly interpreting the data obtained. Thus intelligence as perceived in general terms attributing to the specific skills such as reasoning and problem solving abilities, language acquisition and spatial manipulation must not be simply interpreted through IQ score as predictor of an individuals success and well-being. The impact of the genes and the interaction with the environments call for further probe into analyzing the intelligence component in a person which is in reality more complex than we can imagine or accurately interpret. Batteries of Psychometric tests trying to assess the intellect in a person hence need extensive research to provide empirical support and rationale behind the test execution inc lusive of all the essential factors that make up ones intellectual component. References Ariffin, S. R., Suppian, Z., Shahar, S. N., Majid, R., Yasin, S. F. M. (2010). Students Profile Score in Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) and Working Memory Index (WMI) for Intelligence Test.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,7, 77-81. Borkenau, P., Leising, D. (2016). A More Complete Picture of Personality What Analyses of Trait Profiles Have Told Us About Personality JudgmentSo Far.Current Directions in Psychological Science,25(4), 228-232. Jewsbury, P. A., Bowden, S. C., Duff, K. (2016). The CattellHornCarroll Model of Cognition for Clinical Assessment.Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 0734282916651360. Koriakin, T., White, E., Breaux, K. C., DeBiase, E., OBrien, R., Howell, M., Courville, T. (2016). Patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and relationships to math errors.Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 0734282916669909. Legree, P. J., Mullins, H. M., Psotka, J. (2016). Comment: The ability model of emotional intelligence: Consistency with intelligence theory.Emotion Review, 1754073916650500. McDermott, P. A., Watkins, M. W., Rhoad, A. M. (2014). Whose IQ is it?Assessor bias variance in high-stakes psychological assessment.Psychological assessment,26(1), 207. Mellers, B., Stone, E., Atanasov, P., Rohrbaugh, N., Metz, S. E., Ungar, L., Tetlock, P. (2015). The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.Journal of experimental psychology: applied,21(1), 1. Miciak, J., Fletcher, J. M., Stuebing, K. K., Vaughn, S., Tolar, T. D. (2014). Patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses: Identification rates, agreement, and validity for learning disabilities identification.School Psychology Quarterly,29(1), 21. Ritchie, S. J., Bates, T. C., Der, G., Starr, J. M., Deary, I. J. (2013). Education is associated with higher later life IQ scores, but not with faster cognitive processing speed.Psychology and aging,28(2), 515. Shum, D., O'Gorman, J. G., Myors, B., Creed, P. A. (2013).Psychological testing and assessment. https://ukcatalogue. oup. com/product/9780195520415. do. Taub, G. E., McGrew, K. S. (2014). The WoodcockJohnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities IIIs Cognitive Performance Model Empirical Support for Intermediate Factors Within CHC Theory. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32(3), 187-201.

Ready Case Business Concept in Apple Inc.

Because the Ready Case is the latest version of iPhone products introduced by Apple Corporation, the main task of the management team is to ensure the implementation of the corresponding techniques, tools, and processes for coordinating the work on a new business idea (Bygrave and Zacharakis 26). Because the technological advances constantly invade the market, the task of the management team is to attract the customers within the shortest period of time. In particular, it is necessary to introduce core business objectives and strategies.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ready Case Business Concept in Apple Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management team is composed of three departments – the marketing department, R D department, and Quality Assurance Department. All these divisions should contribute greatly to the development and immediate distribution products (Barringer and Ireland 15). Th e first step in launching the business concept involves organizing the advertising campaign. The marketing department, therefore, should work in cooperation with the R D department to grasp the entire idea about the Ready Case, including its advantages and disadvantages, as well as define which features are the most attractive ones for the buyers. With regard to the product description, the product will fit in a specific target group who searches for elegance, usability, and functionality. These features should be at the core of the business idea. The main task of R D department is to invest into the research on the mobile devices in related companies to assess the competitiveness of the proposed model and define what features should be presented during the advertising campaign. The second strategy should involve the development of new communication channels with the customers. Apart from creating the Internet posts and blogs, it is also possible to organize specialized crews that will work in the largest shops for conducting surveys. In this respect, the task of the marketing department is to develop a questionnaire that will be able to highlight the main customer’s needs and requirements. The questionnaire will specifically relate to the analysis of customer’s tastes and results. In addition, the management team can establish traditional and non-traditional retailing schemes. Finally, Quality Assurance department should take control of the production process to ensure that all the proposed features correspond to the official description. More importantly, the company should also introduce sufficient software for efficient information exchange between the consumers. The analysis of the project objectives should also be carried with regard to the quality standards. The managers of the department should also work on the development of new directions and strategies that will enhance the quality of the production.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational Chart The efficiently structured organizational relations stand at the core of successful launching of a business idea into the market. The organizational chart, therefore, provides detailed information on the subordination schemes in a company. It also illustrates how a specific concept will be developed, as well as what responsibilities each department has to reach the objectives. The organizational chart presented below provides a clearer picture of the management team. In particular, the charts demonstrate the implementation of business plan is possible through coordination of three major departments – Marketing, R D, and Quality. As presented in the diagram, the marketing managers should be first to launch a new venture. They report directly to the advertising group and inform them about the main features that should be emphasized. The task of advertisers is to develop a creative concept that can be further advanced by the R D department. As soon as the idea is developed, the researchers should start conducting observations and scientific explorations to define what else could be advanced to attract the consumer demands. The data collected by this department is transmitted to the quality assurance specialist to verify the validity of the research. As soon as some pitfalls are detected, the Quality Assurance department provides corrections to the R D department for further analysis of the pitfalls. Finally, once the problems are defined and eliminated, the marketing department should introduce changes to advertising process, as well as distribute information through the established communication channels. Overall, the presented process creates the close cycle that is aimed at improving the business concept and increasing the quality of the product. The organizational chart, therefore, contributes to the expansion of the market segment and identification of potential buyers. Organizational Chart IS and Technology Plan Mission and Vision Statement The main scope of the venture consists in developing a multi-functional model for practical users who prefer using devices with built-in features (Bunton n. p.). The uniqueness of the product lies in a sophisticated synthesis of multiple functions and refined design of the Ready Case.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ready Case Business Concept in Apple Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Needs Assessment The product is design for people who like travelling and want to take the minimum of items. Therefore, the proposed iPhone case should involve useful components that will allow the customer to get the maximum benefit from its application (Bunton n. p.). Technology Description With regard to the above-established mission and objectives, iPhone involves the following functions: Headphone clip to keep the things tidy. USB drive performs several functions. It can be used for its primary purpose to load information from the laptop and serve as kickstand for the iPhone with an adjustable angle. Quick snap functions can also be adjusted to a variety of lenses. Built-in knife is also a benefit for those who are fond of extreme travelling. The width of the device is only 3 mm. The phone is waterproof and it can be taken with consumers everywhere. IPhone is also very easy to use. Objectives Because the main purpose of a business venture is to attract the customer group that is interested in using multi-functional and reliable products while travelling, the main objectives are the following: Create a product that should be of high quality and at a moderate price; Introduce high level of usability; Combine functionality with refined design; Define a new customer base with specific needs and requirements; Create a technical support team for consumers to be able to ask questions concerning the usage of the device; Ensure professional training to the employees; Budgeting and Rationale The company should introduce appropriate budgeting to rearrange the production process and train the employees. The marketing and financial departments should be responsible for investing resource in research and development of new models, as well as introducing training programs for the employees. The advertising campaign should also be taken into consideration. Finally, there should also be resources for statistical data analysis, which can be efficiently introduced through high quality. Works Cited Barringer, Bruce and R. Duane Ireland. Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures. US: Prentice Hall, 2008. Print. Bunton, Cam. â€Å"Ready Case: The Ultimate All-in-one case for the iPhone 5†. Today’s iPhone. 2012. Web. Bygrave, William D. and Andrew Zacharakis. Entrepreneurship. US: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This case study on Ready Case Business Concept in Apple Inc. was written and submitted by user Parker Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Policy Process Theories

Essay on Policy Process Theories Essay on Policy Process Theories Essay on Policy Process TheoriesThe Stages-Heuristic theory is one of the highly influential frameworks for the study of the policy process, which was developed in the 1970s-1980s (Dudley, Parsons, Radaelli Sabatier, 2000). According to this theory, the policy making process is divided into several stages. The stages of policy development include agenda-setting, policy formation, policy legitimation, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. One stage moves to the next stage. For example, agenda-setting stage involves the list of issues that require special attention of officials. Then, agenda-setting stage requires narrowing the list of issues or subjects in order to move to the next stage, from government agenda to the decision making agenda. This framework played an important role in transforming political theory research and provided an opportunity to analyze each stage of policy making process. Different factors can influence the policy making process within each stage. How ever, the Stages-Heuristic theory has been criticized severely because this theory does not provide causal drivers that â€Å"govern the process within each stage† (Gornitzka, Kogan Amaral, 2006, p.18). This theory can be compared to the other dominant theoretical frameworks, such as Institutional Rational Choice model developed by Kiser and Ostrom in 1982. The strengths of this framework as compared to the Stages-Heuristic framework include the focus on institutional rules, which may change the behavior of individuals and the close relationships between institutions. Institutional Rational Choice model has become rational choice theory, which makes the policy process the so-called ‘bargaining game’ between individuals or parties. This framework assesses public policy as a set of the proper institutional arrangements, which consist of certain rules and norms that shape the interactions and strategies of actors. The weakness of this framework is that it can be ap plied to some specific context, providing the effects of various beliefs systems on institutions and policy process.

Slavery and Chains in the Middle Ages

Slavery and Chains in the Middle Ages When the Western Roman Empire fell in the 15th century, slavery, which had been such an integral part of the empires economy, began to be replaced by serfdom (an integral part of a feudal economy). Much attention is focused on the serf. His plight was not much better than the slaves had been, as he was bound to the land instead of to an individual owner, and could not be sold to another estate. However, slavery didnt go away. How Slaves Were Captured and Sold In the earliest part of the Middle Ages, slaves could be found in many societies, among them the Cymry in Wales and the Anglo-Saxons in England. The Slavs of central Europe were often captured and sold into slavery, usually by rival Slavonic tribes. Moors were known to keep slaves and believed that setting a slave free was an act of great piety. Christians also owned, bought, and sold slaves, as evidenced by the following: When the Bishop of Le Mans transferred a large estate to the Abbey of St. Vincent in 572, 10 slaves went with it.In the seventh century, the wealthy Saint Eloi bought British and Saxon slaves in batches of 50 and 100 so that he could set them free.A transaction between Ermedruda of Milan, and a gentleman by the name of Totone, recorded the price of 12 new gold solidi for a slave boy (referred to as it in the record). Twelve solidi were much less than the cost of a horse.In the early 9th century, the Abbey of St. Germain des Prà ©s listed 25 of their 278 householders as slaves.In the turmoil at the end of the Avignon Papacy, the Florentines engaged in insurrection against the pope. Gregory XI excommunicated the Florentines and ordered them enslaved wherever taken.In 1488, King Ferdinand sent 100 Moorish slaves to Pope Innocent VIII, who presented them as gifts to his cardinals and other court notables.Women slaves taken after the fall of Capua in 1501 were put up for sale in Rome. Motivations Behind Slavery in the Middle Ages The ethics of the Catholic Church concerning slavery throughout the Middle Ages seem difficult to comprehend today. While the Church succeeded in protecting the rights and well-being of slaves, no attempt was made to outlaw the institution. One reason is economic. Slavery had been the basis of a sound economy for centuries in Rome, and it declined as serfdom slowly rose. However, it rose again when the Black Death swept Europe, dramatically reducing the population of serfs and creating a need for more forced labor. Another reason is that slavery had been a fact of life for centuries, as well. Abolishing something so deeply entrenched in all of the society would be about as likely as abolishing the use of horses for transportation. Christianity and the Ethics of Slavery Christianity had spread like wildfire partly because it offered life after death in paradise with a heavenly Father. The philosophy was that life was terrible, injustice was everywhere, disease killed indiscriminately, and the good died young while the evil thrived. Life on earth simply wasnt fair, but life after death was ultimately fair: the good were rewarded in Heaven and the evil were punished in Hell. This philosophy could sometimes lead to a laissez-faire attitude toward social injustice, although, as in the case of good Saint Eloi, certainly not always. Christianity had an ameliorating effect on slavery. Western Civilization and Being Born Into a Class Perhaps the world-view of the medieval mind can explain a great deal. Freedom and liberty are fundamental rights in 21st-century Western civilization. Upward mobility is a possibility for everyone in America today. These rights were only won after years of struggle, bloodshed, and outright war. They were foreign concepts to medieval Europeans, who were accustomed to their highly-structured society. Each individual was born into a particular class and that class, whether powerful nobility or largely impotent peasantry, offered limited options and strongly-ingrained duties. Men could become knights, farmers, or craftsmen like their fathers or join the Church as monks or priests. Women could marry and become the property of their husbands, instead of the property of their fathers, or they could become nuns. There was a certain amount of flexibility in each class and some personal choice. Occasionally, an accident of birth or an extraordinary will would help someone deviate from the course medieval society had set. Most medieval people would not see this situation as restrictive as we do today. Source Slavery and Serfdom in the Middle Ages by Marc Bloch; translated by W.R. BeerSlavery in Germanic Society During the Middle Ages by Agnes Mathilde WergelandLife in Medieval Times by Marjorie RowlingThe Encyclopedia AmericanaThe History Medren, Melissa Snell, 1998-2017

Insurance Cover for Bio-Sport with Regard to Diversity Essay

Insurance Cover for Bio-Sport with Regard to Diversity - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the most important feature of the policy or range of policies decided upon must conform to Ohio diversity requirements so that it is not challenged on grounds of illegality. The unique product is intended to generate business to Bio-sport and the insurance company to eventually translate to reduced insurance costs and expand the range of insurable interests to cover violations of diversity requirements by Bio-Sport. The policy will ensure that Bio-Sport accords its customer goods and services at attractive rates due to lower insurance costs. Gradually, Bio-Sport can turn over its staff and athletes that consume its products to the insurance company as part of fulfilling its obligations under the agreement and also to reduce costs. Once conformity to diversity requirements is confirmed, the policy should be fine-tuned as explained below to cater for stakeholder interests. The new policy is proposed to be all inclusive of athletes of all a ges with regard to the requirement to avoid discrimination on account of age. Most insurers offer higher premium rates for older people especially athletes in the belief that they are more susceptible to injury or diseases. This unnecessarily drives up the cost of insurance for older athletes. It also triggers older athletes to retire at an early age because of fear of injury and diseases that may be unaffordable after retirement. Bio-Sport loses on clients if they choose to retire at an early age as they will also quit using Bio-Sport products because they will no longer need them. A uniform insurance product is set to benefit Bio-Sport by ensuring that clients do not retire early, benefit the insurance company through continued revenue streams as athletes will not retire early. For the athletes, the security offered by the insurance cover will facilitate the achievement of their dreams. All stakeholders are set to benefit under such a policy.

Motivation Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Motivation Assignment - Essay Example Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation differs in different contexts. For instance, in the workplace, extrinsic motivation comes from either monthly or weekly salaries. On the other hand, the source of intrinsic motivation can be from the desire to build one’s skills. Schools have different ways of motivation (Sansone 27). These include good grades in the examinations and exemplary teaching methods from tutors. Back in our homes, nice comments from our parents are great sources of motivation. This gives someone a sense of belonging. Consumer motivation is an important aspect in any project or business venture. It is an essential tool because increases the number of consumers and profits. This means that managers have to be keen to know what fully satisfies their consumers. They should seek to know the sources of customer’s dissatisfaction (Sansone 54). To motivate customers, managers have to try to know the areas of improvement in the delivery of services. These may include the features absent in the offered services and the charges. Total consumers satisfaction promises positive impact to the growth of the ICON Health and Fitness. It is evident from the above discussion motivation is a great source of energy to succeed any

Organic Food Speech Essay Example for Free

Organic Food Speech Essay I have a question for you at the beginning of this speech. Who just eat organic food everyday? Obviously! According my research, which I gave the question to my friends. Most of them know about organic food, but only few of them just eat organic food which including the vegetable, meat and eggs and other people don’t take it seriously and eat fast food always. What is organic food? The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) states that animals raised on an organic operation must be fed organic feed and given access to the outdoors. They are given no antibiotics or growth hormones. Organic crops are raised without using most conventional pesticides and using no petroleum-based or sewage-sludge-based fertilizers. Do organic and natural mean the same thing? And four main reasons to choice organic food! No, natural and organic are not same. You may see natural†, â€Å"all natural, free-range or hormone-free on food labels. These descriptions must be truthful, but dont mean they are organic. Only foods that are grown and processed according to USDA organic standards can be labeled organic. According to USDA: Organic food such as fruits, vegetables and meat can make people become healthier and organic farming can protect the environment. Choice organic vegetable! The picture for strawberry: On the right is non-organic and left is organic. For the picture down: one the right is non-organic and the left is organic. Normally, non-organic fruit or vegetable will grow faster and taste not as good as organic food. For the last picture: the right side is organic egg and left side is non-organic. The reason why the color is different is because organic chicken also eats organic feed. Choice organic meat! We also need to choice organic meet. From the picture we see. Organic Meat Comes from Animals Treated Ethically and Humanely. The organic farming looks cleaner and animal form there lives healthier. Here are some of the reasons why you should buy organic animal products. 1. Organic meat comes from animals that were given a pesticide-free diet. 2. These animals may have had some limited access to pasture. 3. They were not loaded with antibiotics, steroids and other poisons. 4. Organic meat has not been irradiated. Therefore, organic meat is not loaded with toxins–that are subsequently passed on to you when you eat them–like conventional meat is. Health and money which one you prefer: Non-organic food can cause lots of disease. Even the organic food is expensive; there is nothing important than our lives and our family’s health. According to the research from Organic Liaison: Because factory-fed cattle eat the ground-up remains of their SAME SPECIES, this can cause mad cow disease, destroying a humans central nervous system and brain. Also the animal, which grows up in dirty environment, can cause many parasitic disease and diarrhea. Studies also show that grass-fed beef contains more nutritional value, including higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer. Here is another new research from Maryland University: Non-organic Chicken has one kind bacterium, which is resistant to modern medicine. This kind of bacteria that can cause serious and unpleasant disease that becomes a lot harder to cure. Conclusion: We know that eating organic fruits, vegetables, and other produce is the way to go. Its healthier, it tastes better, and it doesnt have any nasty toxins or chemicals. Healthy and happy life cannot live without organic food. Now let us choice organic food!

Plasmid Extraction :: essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chitobiase, from Vibrio harveyi, is a membrane bound lipoprotein involved in the degradation of chitin. Chitobiase is similar to and may share a common ancestry to the a-chain of human b-hexos-aminidase. Chitobiase is encoded by chb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this experiment, a restriction map for restriction enzymes Eco R1, Pst1 and Hind III using Southern hybridization and restriction analysis of pRSG 192. pRSG 192 is a recombinant plasmid derived from the chb gene and pUC 19, a 2.7kb engineered plasmid which encodes for ampicillin resistance, a portion of the lac operon and a multiple cloning region . The chb gene exists as a 3.6 kb insert in the mutiple cloning region of pUC 19.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The major goals of Experiment One will be to isolate pRSG 192 from an overnight culture of E. coli, amplify a region of the chb gene using PCR, and to map restriction sites within the chb gene using restriction analysis and Southern hybridization. Methods Plasmid Isolation Four microfuge tubes containing cell pellets representing 3.0ml of cells(2 x 1.5ml) from an overnight culture of E. coli were prepared. The supernatant fluid was discarded and each pellet was resuspended in 150ul of TE buffer(10mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0; 0.1 EDTA). 300ul of SDS(1% SDS, 0.2 N NaOH) was added to each pellet. The tubes were placed on ice for five minutes, after which, 225ul of ice-cold 3M potassium acetate(pH 4.8) was added. The tubes were again placed on ice for five minutes and subsequently microfuged for five minutes. The supernatants were recovered and transferred to new tubes. One volume of phenol/chloroform was added to each new tube. The tubes were shaken vigorously for two minutes and centrifuged for five minutes. The upper, aqueous phase was recovered and transferred to a new tube. One volume of chloroform was added to each tube. The tubes were vigorously mixed and microfuged for three minutes.

Compative Study on Nokia and Samsung

PROJECT REPORT ON COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN NOKIA AND SAMSUNG FOR YOUTH GENERATION Submitted By Sathya priya . V TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER| CONTENTS | PAGE. NO| 1| INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Overview of Industry as a whole 1. 2. Nokia- Profile of the Organization 1. 3 Samsung –Profile of the Organization | | 2 | 2. 1. Review of literature2. 2 . Significance2. 3. Managerial usefulness of the study2. 4. Comparative features of the study2. 5. Objectives2. 6. Scope of the Study2. 7. Limitation of the study| | 3. . 5. | REARCH METHODOLOGYDATA ANALYSIS FINDINGSANNEXUREAPPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY| | LIST OF TABLES S. NO| PARTICULARS| PAGE NO| 4. 1| Table showing Brands which are used by the respondents| | 4. 2| Table showing percentage of people who would like to buy a good brand mobile. | | 4. 3| Table showing brands which have the best battery backup. | | 4. 4| Table showing depicts the features that best suits brand. | | 4. 5| Table showing criteria on which Nokia is rated| | 4. 6| Table showin g criteria on which Sony Ericson is rated. | | 4. 7| Table showing criteria on which Micromax is rated. | 4. 8| Table showing criteria on which Black berry is rated. | | 4. 9| Table showing criteria on which Samsung is rated. | | 4. 10| Table showing Satisfaction level of service provided by Nokia service centre. | | 4. 11| Table showing depicts the features that best suits brand. | | 4. 12| Table showing the brands which have the better brand image. | | 4. 13| Table showing brands which have largest service network. | | 4. 14| Table showing satisfaction level of service provided by Samsung service center| | LIST OF CHART S. NO| PARTICULARS| PAGE NO| 4. | Chart showing brands which are used by the respondents| | 4. 2| Chart showing percentage of people who would like to buy a good brand mobile| | 4. 3| Chart showing shows brands which have the best battery backup. | | 4. 4| Chart showing the depicts the features that best suits brand. | | 4. 10| Chart showing Satisfaction level of s ervice provided by Nokia service centre. | | 4. 11| Chart showing depicts the features that best suits brand. | | 4. 12| Chart showing the brands which have the better brand image. | | 4. 13| Chart showing the brands which have the better brand image. | 4. 14| Chart showing satisfaction level of service provided by Samsung service center. | | CHAPTER-1- INTRODUCTION 1. 1OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE In today's world, most people communicate through the use cellular phones. It's hard to believe that fifteen years ago cell phones were a rarity. Below is a history chronicling the dawn of the cell phone to its current state. 1843-Faraday exposed his great advances of nineteenth-century science and technology and his discoveries have had an incalculable effect on technical development toward cellular phone development. 1865 – Dr.Mahlon Loomis of Virginia, a dentist, may have been the first person to communicate through wireless via the atmosphere. Between 1866 and 1873 he transm itted telegraphic messages at a distance of 18 miles between the tops of Coshocton and Beorse Deer Mountains, Virginia. 1973 – Dr Martin Cooper is considered the inventor of the first portable handset. Dr. Cooper, former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, and the first person to make a call on a portable cellular phone. 1973 – Dr. Cooper set up a base station in New York with the first working prototype of a cellular telephone, the Motorola Dynastic.Mr. Cooper and Motorola took the phone technology to New York to show the public. 1977 – Cell phones go public. Public cell phone testing began. The city of Chicago was here the first trials began with 2000 customers and eventually other cell phone trials appeared in the Washington D. C. and Baltimore area. Japan began testing cellular phone service in 1979. 1988 – This year changed many of the technologies that had become typical in the past. The Cellular Technology Industry Association (CT IA) was developed to lay down practical goals for cellular phone providers.According to the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association, today there are more than 60 million customers with cellular phones, even though wireless service was just invented nearly 50 years ago. The cellular business was a $3 million market 25 years ago and has grown increasingly to close to a $30 billion per year industry 1. 2. NOKIA -PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION Nokia's history starts in 1865, Due to the European industrialization and the growing consumption of paper and cardboard Nokia soon became successful. Nokia’s Cable Work's Electronics department started to conduct research into semiconductor technology in the 1960? s.This was the beginning of Nokia’s journey into telecommunications. Nokia today is a world leader in mobile communications, driving the growth and sustainability of the broader mobility industry. Nokia connects people to each other and the information that matters t o them with easy-to-use and innovative products like mobile phones, devices and solutions for imaging, games, media and businesses. Nokia provides equipment, solutions and services for network operators and corporations. The company includes four business groups; Mobile Phones; Multimedia; Networks and Enterprise Solutions. In this project I will be focusing only on the mobile Phone usiness of Nokia in India. Nokia Corporation engages in the manufacture of mobile devices and mobile networks. It also provides equipment, solutions, and services for network operators, service providers, and corporations. The company operates in four segments: Mobile Phones, Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions, and Networks. The Mobile Phones segment offers mobile phones and devices based on GSM/EDGE, 3G/WCDMA, and CDMA cellular technologies. The Multimedia segment enables to create, access, and share multimedia in the form of advanced mobile multimedia computers and applications with connectivity over mul tiple technology standards.The Enterprise Solutions segment offers various products and solutions, including enterprise-grade mobile devices, underlying security infrastructure, software, and services for businesses and institutions. The Networks segment provides network infrastructure, communications, and networks service platforms, as well as professional services to operators and service providers. It focuses on the GSM family of radio technologies; networks with Internet Protocol and multi access capabilities; and professional services.The company also develops mobile WiMAX solutions. Nokia sells its products to operators, distributors, independent retailers, and corporate customers. It has its operations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, China, the Asia-Pacific, North America, and Latin America. The company was founded in 1865 and is based in Espoo, Finland. Vision: Life Goes Mobile * Ten years ago, Nokia had a vision that seemed revolutionary for the times: Voice Goes Mobile ! As history shows, this vision became reality in an incredibly short amount of time. With more than 1. billion mobile phone subscriptions globally – and more mobile phones than fixed-line phones in use – shows that mobility has transformed the way people live their lives Business Mission: Connecting People * By connecting people, they help fulfill a fundamental human need for social connections and contact. Nokia builds bridges between people – both when they are far apart and face-to-face – and also bridges the gap between people and the information they need. As a market leader, the best contribution we can make to the global community is to conduct our business in a responsible way.This belief drives our commitment to creating ethically sound policies and principles that guide us in our work. Our Corporate Responsibility (CR) agenda is framed around the Nokia Values and is carried out in all aspects of our work to ensure customer satisfaction and resp ect, and also to assist us in embracing renewal and striving for achievement. By striving to include all members of Nokia's community in this process, we are demonstrating our overall commitment to the belief that responsibility is everybody's business.In this section you will find information about our strategy and approach, navigating the links above will give you more concrete information on our Corporate Responsibility activities. Vision Nokia‘s vision is a world where everyone is connected. With mobile subscriptions about to reach four billion, we are closer to our vision than anyone could have imagined just a few years ago. Our business benefits people, communities and the environment in new and exciting ways. As our business expands, so do our responsibilities. This sense of corporate responsibility (CR) is a fundamental part of who we are.Considering the wider impact of our actions is embedded in the Nokia Values, which guide our behavior, and in the Nokia Code of Cond uct, which gives guidance to our everyday work. Global challenges such as climate change and poverty concern us all. As a business that affects the lives of billions around the world, Nokia is in a key position to offer solutions to these challenges. Engaging you: For us, ‘engaging you’ incorporates the ‘customer satisfaction’ value and deals with engaging all our stakeholders, including employees, in what Nokia stands for in the world.Achieving together: ‘Achieving together’ is more than collaboration and partnership. As well as trust, it involves sharing, having the right mind-set and working in formal and informal networks. Passion for innovation: ‘Passion for innovation’ is based on a desire we have to live our dreams, to find courage and make the leap into the future through innovation in technology, ways of working and through understanding the world around us. Very human: Being ‘very human’ encompasses what we o ffer customers, how we do business and the impact of our actions and behavior on people and the environment.It is about being very human in the world – making things simple, respecting and caring. In short, our desire is to be a very human company. For more information on the Nokia Way and Nokia Values, go to Nokia as an employer within careers. 1. 3. SAMSUNG – PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION In 1938 the Samsung’s fonder byung –chull lee ser up a trade export company in Korea, selling fish vegetables and fruit to china . within a decade Samsung had flour mills and confectionary machines and become a co-operation in 1951. Humble beginnings.From 1958onwards Samsung began to expand into other industries such as financial, media, chemical and ship building throughout the 1970’s . in 1969, Samsung electronics was established producing what Samsung is most famous for television, mobile phones (througout90’s), radios, computer components and other elec tronics devices. 1987 founder and chairman, byung-chull lee passed away and kun-hee lee took over as chairman. In the1990’s Samsung began to expand globally building factories in the us, Britain, Germany Thailand Mexico Spain and china until 1997In 1997 nearly all Korean business shrunk in size and Samsung was no exception. They sold business to relieve debt and cut employees down lowering personnel by 50,000. But thanks to the electronic industry they manage to curb this and continue to grow. The history of Samsung and mobile phones stretches back to over 10 years . in 1993 Samsung developed the lightest mobile phone of its era the SCH 800 and it was available on CDMA networks. Then they developed smart phone and a phone combined mp3 player towards the end of the 20th century . to this date Samsung are dedicated to the 3g industry . aking video, camera phones at a speed to keep up with consumer demand . Samsung has made steady growth in the mobile industry and are currently second but competitor Nokia is ahead with more than 100%increase in shares. VISION OF THE COMPANY Leading the digital convergence revolution â€Å"GROWING TO BE THE BEST† As a part of vision Samsung has mapped out a specific plan of reaching $400 billion in revenue & becoming one of the world’s top 5 brands by 2020 MISSION OF THE COMPANY â€Å"DIGITAL –E COMPANY† excited about future to serve better services to the people in the market of telecommunications THE SAMSUNG PHILOSOPHYAt Samsung we follow a simple business philosophy to devote our talent and technology to creating superior products and services that contribute to a better global society. Every day people bring this philosophy to life . Samsung leaders search for the brightest talent from around the world, and give them the resources they need to be the best at what they do . The result is that all of their products from memory chips that help business store vital knowledge to mobile phones that connect people across continents have the power to enrich lives and that’s what making a better global society is all about. VALUESSamsung believe that by living by strong values is the key to business. At Samsung a rigorous code of conduct and these core values are at the heart of every decision they make . PEOPLE Quite simply, a company its people. At Samsung, we are dedicated to giving our people a wealth of opportunities to reach their full potential EXCELLENCE Everything we do at Samsung is driven by an unyielding passion for excellence and an unfaltering commitment to develop the best products and services on the market. CHANGE In today’s fast paced global economy, change is constant and innovation is critical to a company’s survival.As we have done for 70 years, we set our sights on the future ,anticipating market needs and demands so we can steer our company towards long term success . INTIGRITY Operating in an ethical way is the foundations of our busi ness . everything we do is guided by a moral compass that ensures fairness respect for all stakeholders and complete transparency. CO-PROSPERITY A business cannot be successful unless it creates prosperity and opportunity for others . Samsung is dedicated to being a socially and environmentally responsible corporate citizen in every community where we operate around the globe. PRINCIPLES OF THE COMPANY We comply with laws and ethical standards. * We respect customers, shareholders and employees. * We are socially responsible corporate citizen. * We care for the environment health and safety. * We maintain a clean environmental culture. MARKETING STRATEGY OF SAMSUNG * Aggressively hawking flips tops and clamshells with polyphonic ring tones and color screen. * Nationwide distributer and retail presence in the consumer durable market. * Samsung has been associated with the Lakme India fashion week for its mobile phones the company used the LIFW 2005 as a platform to launch D-500,world ’s best mobile phone in the Indian market. Set up a hand set manufacturing facility in India CHAPTER-2 2. 1. REVIEW OF LITREATURE A review of literature helps the researcher to have knowledge about the related study done by others; the following research studies were observed. John Ribeiro, IDG News Service (Apr 27, 2012) Samsung beat Nokia to the top position in the global handset market in the first quarter of 2012, research firms Strategy Analytics and IHS iSuppli said Friday. The research firms however disagreed on Samsung's Smartphone shipments in the first quarter wit iSuppli giving Apple the top position in smart phones, while Strategy Analytics called in favor of Samsung.The Korean company shipped 93. 5 million handsets in the first quarter, up from 69 million units a year earlier, for a 25 percent share of the market, even as global handset shipments grew a little over 3 percent annually to reach 368 million units in the quarter, Strategy Analytics said. How Samsung moved Nokia’s Cheese (Business Today dated May 2012): A comparative study shows How Samsung as a brand in the era of smart phones over took the business of Nokia in India. Nokia's competing smart phones were almost no match for Samsung's.It was not until February 2011 that a Finnish answer to the Galaxy came about in the form of the Lumia phone out of the Nokia-Microsoft tie-up in February 2011. The Lumia series received rave reviews internationally but sells just two phones in India – one at Rs 25,000 and a cheaper one at more than Rs 15,000. The devices are way too expensive going by prices Indians are used to, says Anshul Gupta, analyst at research firm Gartner. Why Nokia lost its market leadership in Indian market: A detailed study was carried out on how and where Nokia had lost its market leadership to competition. â€Å"A new OS is like a new religion,† D.Shivakumar, Nokia's Senior Vice President of sales for India, Middle East and Africa, indicating the m arket takes time to accept a completely new product line. He points to the 13 awards the yet-to-be-launched Lumia 900 won at this January's Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas as an instance of its ability to wow customers. How Nokia is among the top five Most Trusted Brands despite shaken reputation (The Economic Times November 2012): This study reveals How Nokia as India’s leading mobile phone for a large part of its existence was building not just its brand but a new category via its early ad campaigns and commercials.According to Nikunj Daga The findings advised that consumers preferred Nokia over all other brands due to features of the phone. Features such as user friendliness, rough and tough body, long life etc were believed to be the reasons of success. Though the marketing strategies have been aggressive, they were not the reasons for high market share of the company. James Crawshaw, European telecom and technology analyst at S;P Capital IQ, is unequivocal about w here Samsung is getting it right and Nokia wrong. Nokia's success [lies] not in increasing market share but in increasing its smart phones portfolio,† he says in a phone interview. Nokia's profits, he insists, need to come from high-end phones like that of Samsung's Android phones. Ratings firm Standard & Poor's downgraded Nokia below investment grade in April. 2. 2. SIGNFICANCE OF THE STUDY The present study is quite significant because it discusses values cultures vision, mission and strategies of two companies . Nokia and Samsung to make comparative analysis between these two companies it identifies the current ositions of the company . The report finds that high quality and advanced technologies are important factor for Nokia’s success moreover they are concentrating on ne area that is telecommunication while Samsung is indulging in many areas Moreover the other finding is that Nokia’s financial position is surpassing its competitors in the telecommunications report concludes that Nokia has established its leadership in telecom companies Samsung is gaining its area in style point of view or advanced features in their products. 2. 3. MANAGERIAL USEFULLNESS OF THE STUDYManagerial usefulness of the study is to analyze the comparative study between Nokia and Samsung. compare between there market strategies and to know about there vision mission and there future plans the respondents were discussing the questions prior to reply thus there could be biasness different promotional schemes were not known by the respondents. The customer analysis of this coursework highlighted that the upper segment of the population are the major consumers of mobile phones extensive research was conducted into strategies being implemented for the rural market . he prominent brands in Indian cellular phones are Nokia and the Samsung . Nokia has the single largest market share in India of 60%and the we have noticed that Nokia is the only competitor of Samsung but Nokia’s major competitor is Sony Ericson since these are very prominent players in the market 2. 4. COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF THE STUDY Comparing Nokia mobile phones Vs Samsung mobile phones, one can clearly see that both the companies are working hard to give users handsets which will make them more interacting. PRLog (Press Release) – Aug. , 2009 – High tech Nokia mobile phones have created a wave in mobile phone market through out UK. Many companies are launching mobile phones ranging from basic to high end segment with cutting edge technology to grab a respectable place in market. Nokia and Samsung are among those companies which have given some awesome handsets to users. Their mobile phones are not only reliable in terms of durability but also enable users to do different things with them. BY comparing mobile phones of both the companies we can know what users can get by buying their products . Design and CameraStyle is what matters to users hence, both the c ompanies invest ample time in designing of mobile phones before launching them. Samsung mobile phones are little bit advanced than Nokia mobile phones in terms of camera quality as company has already come up with a 12 mega pixel camera in Samsung M8910 pixon 12 while Nokia has provided its highest 8 mega pixel camera in Nokia N86. Though Nokia mobile phones are fabricated with world famous Carl Zeiss lenses which are absent in Samsung. Screen Both Nokia and Samsung mobile phones have one of the best quality screens supported with high resolution to give users best viewing experience.The Nokia N97( http://www. 3contractmobilephones. co. uk/nokia_mobile_phone†¦ ) has 3. 5 inches wide screen with resolution of 360 x 640 pixels and 16 million colours. The same specification can be found in Samsung B7610. Being the basic feature, both the companies try to provide best available display screen depending on range of the mobile phone. Data With the advent of 3G, Nokia mobile phones an d Samsung mobile phones have tried to integrate this feature in their handsets. With 3G one can connect to high speed mobile broadband to explore. 2. 4.OJECTIVES OF THE STUDY * To know about the cellular industries. * To help consumers to know about the companies their products and the future over comings * To know about the brand Nokia and the Samsung their products, market strategies, values mission adopted in the cellular companies. * To know consumer behavior towards Nokia and Samsung. 2. 5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY As learning is the human activity and is as natural ,as breathing despite of the fact the learning is all pervasive in our lives, psychologists do not agree on how learning takes place . ow individuals learn s a matter of interest to marketers they want to teach consumers in their roles as their roles as consumers. They want consumers to learn about their products product attributes, potential consumers benefit, how to use, maintain or even dispose of the product and the n ew ways of behaving that will satisfy not only the consumer needs, but the marketer’s objectives. The scope our study restricts itself to the analysis of CONSUMER BEHAVIOR, perception of Nokia and Samsung. 2. 6. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY * The findings of the study will be based on opinion of the respondents, which may be based. The study is confined to Coimbatore youth population * Lack of time and finance may prevent from carrying out in depth study. CHAPTER-3 RESEARCH METHDOLOG Research comprise defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating Hypothesis. In short, the search for Knowledge through Objective and Systematic method of finding solutions to a problem is Research. Research DesignType of Research: – Descriptive research Descriptive research includes Surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Data Source: * There are two types of data. Primary Data: * The data was mainly obtained from the people feedback on the questionnaire which was distributed by the group members at various places Secondary Data: * The secondary data was obtained from various journals, internet, magazines etc.Research Instruments Selected instrument for Data Collection for Survey is Questionnaire. Sample Design Who is to be surveyed? The marketing researcher must define the target population that will be sampled. The sample Unit taken by me; General public of youth population, different gender and different professions. Extent:- Where the survey should be carried out? I have covered entire Coimbatore city for the survey Time Frame:- When the survey should be conducted? I conducted my survey f or 1week Sampling Frame:- The source from which the sample is drawn Sampling Technique: –How should the respondent be chosen? In the Project sampling is done on basis of Probability sampling. Among the probability sampling design the sampling design chosen is stratified random sampling. Because in this survey I had stratified the sample in different gender and different profession Sample Size/ Population Size: – How many people should be surveyed? My sample size is 55 Tools of analysis:- Simple percentage analysis and weighted average are used for the study. bar chart were also used to this study. Based on these results, conclusions were drawn and suggestions were given. 1.Simple percentage analysis:- This method is based on the opinion of respondents percentage is been calculated for respective scale of each other factor Simple percentage is calculated by using the following formula Simple percentage = [Total respondents/Total number of respondents]*100. 2. Weighted a verage method:- In weighed average method the mean in which each item being averaged is multiplied by a number (weight)the result is summed and the total is divided by the sum of weights. Weighted averages are used expensively in descriptive statistical analysis such as index number.It may also called as weighed mean. Weighed average = [N1*A1+N2*A2+N3*A3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦+Nn*An] —————————————————- [N1+N2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Nn] Weighed average =wx/n . CHAPTER-4 DATA ANALYSIS Table -4. 1 1. The below table shows Brands which are used by the respondents. CRITERIA | NO. OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE | NOKIA| 19| 35 %| SAMSUNG | 22| 40 %| SONY| 3| 5 %| BLACKBERRY | 3| 5 %| MICROMAX| 5| 10 %| OTHERS| 3| 5 %| TOTAL| 55| 100%| INTERPRETATION:From the above table, out of 55 respondents 35% of respondents were using Nokia, 40% of Responde nts using Blackberry, 10% of respondents were using Micromax and 5% of respondents were respondents using Blackberry, 10% of respondent were using Micromax and 5% of respondents were dents were using Samsung, 5 % of respondents were using Sony, 5% of respondents were using Blackberry, 10% of respondent were using Micromax and 5% of respondents were using others. Chart -4. 1 1. The below chart shows brands which are used by the respondents . Table-4. 2 2. The below table shows percentage of people who would like to buy a good brand mobile?PARTICULAR| NO. OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE | NOKIA| 10| 18%| SAMSUNG| 14| 25%| SONY| 1| 2%| BLACKBERRY| 4| 7%| APPLE| 24| 44%| HTC| 1| 2%| OTHERS| 1| 2%| TOTAL| 55| 100| INTERPRETATION: From the above table out of 55 respondents, 18% of respondents are prefer to buy Nokia, 25% of respondents are prefer to buy Samsung, 2% of respondents are prefer to buy Sony,7% of respondents are prefer to buy Blackberry,44% of respondents are prefer to buy Apple , 2% of respondents are prefer to buy HTC, and 2% of respondents are prefer to buy Chart -4. 2 2. The below chart shows percentage of people who would like to buy a good brand mobile?Table -4. 3 3. The below table shows brands which have the best battery backup. PARTICULAR| NO. OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE | NOKIA| 25| 45%| SAMSUNG | 15| 27%| SONY| 3| 5%| BLACKBERRY | 2| 4%| MICROMAX| 1| 2%| OTHERS| 8| 15%| TOTAL| 55| 100%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table, out of 55 respondents 45% of respondents are mention that Nokia have the best battery back up,27%of respondents are mention the Samsung ,5% of respondents are mention the Sony ,4% of respondents are mention the Black berry ,2% of respondents are mention the Micromax,15% of respondents are mention the others.Chart -3 3. The below chart shows brands which have the best battery backup. Table -4. 4 4. The below table depicts the features that best suits a brand Criteria | Nokia | Percentage | Samsung | Percentage | Others | Percentag e | Total | Reliability | 29| 53%| 20| 36%| 6| 11%| 100%| Android | 12| 22%| 35| 64%| 8| 14%| 100%| Music | 26| 47%| 22| 40%| 7| 13%| 100%| Camera picture clarity (megapixel)| 21| 38%| 23| 42%| 11| 20%| 100%| Social networking | 28| 50%| 22| 40%| 5| 10%| 100%| Touch screen | 16| 29%| 31| 56%| 8| 15%| 100%|Economically price tag | 22| 40%| 20| 36%| 13| 24%| 100%| INTERPRETATION: * From the above table out of 55 respondents, most of the respondents prefer Nokia as reliable. 36% of respondents are prefer Samsung and 11%of respondents are prefer others. * In the above table 64% of respondents are prefer android facility in Samsung ,22% of respondents are prefer Nokia and 14% of respondents are prefer others. * In the above table 47% of respondents are prefer music in Nokia ,40% , of respondents are prefer Samsung and 13% of respondents are prefer others. In the above table 42% of respondents are prefer Samsung in the category of camera picture clarity,38% of respondents are prefer Nokia ,and 20 % of respondents are prefer others. * In the above table 50% of respondents are prefer Nokia in the criteria of social networking ,40% of respondents are prefer Samsung, and 10% of respondents are prefer others. * In the above table 56% of respondents are prefer Samsung in the criteria of touch screen , 29% of respondents are prefer Nokia, and 15% of respondents are prefer others. In the above table 40% of respondents are prefer Nokia in the criteria of economically price tag,36% of respondents prefer Samsung and 24% of respondents are prefer others. Chart -4. 4 4. The below table depicts the features that best suits a brand Table -4. 5 5. The below table shows criteria on which Nokia is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 20| 36| 27| 20| 15| 118| 2. 14| 3| Durability | 40| 14| 9| 8| 15| 86| 1. 56| 1| Style/design | 5| 20| 6| 120| 40| 191| 3. 47| 6| Colour | 1| 8| 30| 100| 75| 214| 3. 89| 8|Size | 2| 6| 75| 60| 50| 193| 3. 50| 7| Price | 2| 70| 30| 20| 15| 142| 2. 58| 4| Availability | 32| 16| 30| 12| 10| 100| 1. 81| 2| Light weight | 5| 6| 12| 60| 140| 223| 4. 05| 9| Comfort | 15| 24| 18| 10| 10| 179| 3. 25| 5| INTERPRETATION: From the above table Nokia occupies first place in durability, second place in availability, third place in maintenance, fourth place in price, fifth place in comfort, sixth place in style and design, seventh place in size, eight place in colour and finally nineth place in light weight. It shows the rank of Nokia phones.Table -4. 6 6. The table below shows criteria on which Sony Ericson is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 5| 6| 30| 80| 85| 206| 3. 74| 5| Durability | 3| 4| 18| 76| 125| 226| 4. 10| 8| Style/design | 35| 20| 15| 12| 10| 92| 1. 67| 1| Colour | 30| 30| 6| 12| 25| 103| 1. 87| 2| Size | 18| 30| 36| 40| 50| 174| 3. 16| 3| Price | 2| 6| 30| 100| 75| 213| 3. 87| 6| Availability | 4| 10| 66| 56| 50| 186| 3. 38| 4| Light weight | 5| 6| 12| 60| 140| 223| 4. 05| 7| Comfort | 3| 4| 75| 160| 50| 292| 5. 30| 9| INTERPRETATION:From the above table SONY ERICSON occupies first place in style and design , second place in colour, third place in size, fourth place in price, fifth place in maintenance, sixth place in price, seventh place in light weight, eighth place in durability and finally ninth place in comfort. It shows the rank of SONY ERICSON phones. Table 4. 7 7. The table below shows criteria on which Micromax is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 6| 10| 54| 40| 80| 190| 3. 45| 4| Durability | 4| 14| 48| 80| 40| 186| 3. 38| 3| Style/design | 2| 6| 30| 32| 160| 230| 4. 8| 8| Colour | 5| 6| 6| 60| 150| 227| 4. 12| 6| Size | 2| 6| 18| 36| 175| 237| 4. 30| 9| Price | 38| 18| 9| 8| 15| 88| 1. 60| 1| Availability | 3| 4| 18| 76| 125| 226| 4. 10| 5| Light weight | 35| 20| 15| 12| 10| 92| 1. 67| 2| Comfort | 1| 8| 30| 48| 140| 227| 4. 12| 6| INTERPRETATION: From the above tabl e MICROMAX occupies first place in price, second place in light weight, third place in durability, fourth place in maintenance, fifth place in availability , sixth place in comfort and colour, eighth place in style and design and finally ninth place in comfort.It shows the rank of MICROMAX phones. Table -4. 8 8. The table below shows criteria on which Black berry is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 18| 40| 27| 20| 15| 120| 2. 18| 3| Durability | 10| 35| 5| 3| 2| 117| 2. 12| 2| Style/design | 12| 20| 84| 16| 5| 137| 2. 49| 6| Colour | 9| 26| 75| 20| 15| 145| 2. 63| 8| Size | 5| 64| 39| 12| 10| 130| 2. 36| 4| Price | 5| 6| 12| 60| 140| 223| 4. 05| 9| Availability | 18| 24| 45| 24| 20| 131| 2. 38| 5| Light weight | 8| 46| 45| 20| 20| 139| 2. 52| 7| Comfort | 39| 16| 9| 8| 15| 87| 1. 58| 1| INTERPRETATION:From the above table BLACKBERRY occupies first place in comfort, second place in durability, third place in maintenance, fourth place in size, fifth place in availability, sixth place in style and design, seventh place in light weight, eighth place in colour and finally ninth place in price. It shows the rank of BLACKBERRY phones. Table -4. 9 9. The table below shows criteria on which Samsung is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 2| 12| 30| 84| 80| 206| 3. 78| 8| Durability | 7| 50| 54| 12| 10| 133| 2. 41| 2| Style/design | 3| 10| 105| 40| 10| 168| 3. 5| 4| Colour | 15| 56| 18| 16| 15| 120| 2. 18| 1| Size | 2| 16| 96| 40| 15| 169| 3. 07| 5| Price | 4| 16| 90| 36| 20| 166| 3. 01| 3| Availability | 2| 10| 33| 132| 20| 197| 3. 58| 6| Light weight | 3| 10| 18| 124| 50| 205| 3. 72| 7| Comfort | 1| 8| 30| 100| 75| 214| 3. 89| 9| INTERPRETATION: From the above table SAMSUNG occupies first place in colour, second place in durability, third place in price, fourth place in style and design, fifth place in size sixth place in availability , seventh place in light weight, eighth place in maintenance and finally ninth place in comfort.It shows the rank of SAMSUNG phones. Table4. 10 10. The below table shows Satisfaction level of service provided by Nokia service centre. S. NO| CRITERIA | NO. OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| High satisfied| 19| 35%| 2| Satisfied| 26| 47%| 3| . Not satisfied| 10| 18%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table, out of 55 respondents 35% of respondents are found to be highly satisfied that the gaining satisfaction from service centre. 47% of respondents are found it to be satisfied, 18% of respondents are found to be not satisfied.Chart-4. 10 10. The below chart shows Satisfaction level of service provided by Nokia service centre. Table 4. 11 11. The below table depicts the features that best suits a brand Criteria| Nokia | Percentage | Samsung | Percentage | Others | Percentage | Total | Built in memory | 31| 56%| 17| 31%| 7| 13%| 100%| Software compatibility| 20| 36%| 31| 56%| 4| 7%| 100%| Audio output | 23| 42%| 21| 38%| 11| 20%| 100% | Appearances | 20| 36%| 28| 51%| 7| 13%| 100%| Accessories | 24| 44%| 21| 38%| 10| 18%| 100%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table out of 55 respondents, 56% of respondents are majorly prefer Nokia has built in memory. 31% of respondents are prefer Samsung and 13%of respondents are prefer others. * From the above table out of 55 respondents, 56% of respondents are majorly preferred Samsung has software compatibility, 36% of respondents are prefer Nokia and 7% of respondents are prefer others. * From the above table out of 55 respondents 42% of respondents are majorly preferred Nokia has audio output , 38% of respondents are prefer Samsung and 20% of respondents are prefer others. From the above table out of 55 respondents, 51% of respondents are majorly preferred Samsung in the category of Appearances, 36% of respondents are prefer Nokia, and 13 % of respondents are prefer others. * From the above table out 55 respondents 44% of respondents are majorly preferred Nokia in the criteria of Accessories, 38% of respondents are preferring Samsung, and 18% of respondents are prefer others. Chart -4. 11 11. The below chart depicts the features that best suits a brand Table 4. 12 12. The table below shows the brands which have the better brand image.Particulars | No of respondents| Percentage | Nokia | 21| 38%| Samsung | 18| 33%| Others | 16| 29%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table, out of 55 respondents, 38% of respondents are preferred Nokia have the better brand image, 33% of respondents are prefer Samsung and 29% of respondents are prefer others. Chart 4-12 12. The table chart shows the brands which have the better brand image. Table -4. 13 13. The table below shows brands which have largest service network Particulars | No of respondents| Percentage | Nokia| 24| 44%| Samsung | 21| 38%|Others | 10| 18%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table out of 55 respondents, 44% of the respondents preferred Nokia have largest service network, 38% of the respondents are prefer Samsung and 18% of the respondents are prefer others. Chart -4. 13 13. The chart below shows brands which have largest service network. Table-4. 14 10. The below table shows satisfaction level of service provided by Samsung service center. Particulars | No of respondents| Percentage | Highly satisfied | 21| 38%| Satisfied | 18| 33%| Not satisfied| 16| 29%| INTERPRETATION:From the above table, out of 55 respondents 44% of respondents are found to be highly satisfied that the gaining satisfaction from Samsung service centre. 38% of respondents are found it to be satisfied, 18% of respondents are found to be not satisfied. Chart -4. 14 10. The below chart shows satisfaction level of service provided by Samsung service center. Suggestions given by the people †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. During our survey we asked the people to give some suggestions to the compananies there is similar suggestion for both the companies given by 25 peoples that they should not increase their prices.And 1 suggestions g iven by only 1 person out of 55 that is cellular companies that there should be some function to indicate the person is driving this will not avoid accidents during driving. CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS * 40% respondents are using Samsung. * 44% of respondent are willing to buy apple phones. * 45% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the best battery back. * 53% of respondents prefer Nokia phones as reliable. 3 * 64% of respondents are choosing Samsung in the criteria of android facility. * 47% of respondents are selects Nokia hearing best music. 42% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the internet connection in social networking sites. * 56% of respondents choose Samsung for touch sensitivity. * 40% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the price tags. * 56% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the memory status56% of respondents chooses Samsung has best software compatibility. * 42% of respondents choosing Nokia for the best audio output. * 3. 37% of respondents are choosing Nokia for d urability as first place. * 1. 67% of respondents are choosing Sony Ericson for style and design as fist place. * 1. 0% of respondents are choosing Micromax in the criteria of price tag as first place. * 1. 58% of respondents are choosing Blackberry for comfort as first place. * 2. 18% of respondents are choosing Samsung for colour as first place. * 47% of respondents are satisfied by the Nokia service centre. * 51% of respondents are choosing Nokia for appearance as best. * 44% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the accessories as the best. * 38% respondents are prefer Nokia for the better brand image. * 44% of respondents are prefer Nokia have the largest service network. 38% of respondents are highly satisfied for the service provide by the Samsung service centre. RECOMMENDATION After analyzing all the data we have some recommendations such as:- Advertisements: – Nokia use advertisement mode of promotion after launching a new cell phone in the market. So people don†™t have much knowledge about their latest models. While Samsung have lots of ads in market before launching it EXAMPLE: – * Giving advertisement on television or cable * Giving print media add which explain all the features of cell phone SPECIAL SCHEMES: – Nokia always launch high range products.So to increase the sales it has to give advertisement or special discount or special schemes with every purchase of new cell phone. Samsung have color variety in their cell phones as Nokia don’t have this much. CONCLUSION Nokia and Samsung segment the market on a similar basis. However, they have different interpretations Nokia has saturated the urban market including the B and C class cities and is now targeting potentially untapped markets. Samsung on the other hand has chosen to focus its energies on the B and C class cities since which it had not ventured into so far.The prominent brands in the Indian cellular phone industry are Nokia, Sony Ericsson, apple, and Sam sung. Nokia has the single largest market share in India of 60%. We have analysed that Nokia is better than Samsung. Nokia and also on one of its major competitors; Samsung since these are very prominent players in the Indian market. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS * Kothari, C. R. (2007), Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, INTERNET: 1. www. wikipedia. com 2. www. projectsmonitor. com 3. http://www. nokia. com 4. www. samsung . com 5. www. businesstoday . com 6. www. economictimes . com

Neurological Effects of Marijuana

The recreational use of marijuana has become an almost mainstream part of our society today, so mainstream in fact that 16. 8% of Canadians older than 15 use it. In government, the debate to legalize marijuana has long gone back and forth yet never coming to a conclusion. But in this debate is the government really examining the psychological effects of the drug, or are they just concerned with the money aspect. In one study of the neuropsychological effects of marijuana it was concluded that â€Å"The low dose produced generalized impairment of all mental processes (concept formation, memory, tactile form discrimination and motor function). † The research question of this essay is â€Å"Are the short and long term neuropsychological effects of marijuana severe enough to leave lasting impressions on our society? † Purpose The thesis of this essay is â€Å"the neuropsychological effects of marijuana are ery apparent through experimental research and the deficits caused by marijuana could become visible in our society and create problems down the road. † The essay will proceed in the order of first examining a case of neuropsychological effects on heavy marijuana users, then we will examine some of these effects and they way they impact teenage marijuana users. It will also be examined how marijuana may be seen as a cause of psychotic disorders, and also the way marijuana affects aggression. Argument The use of marijuana affects the brain and our neuropsychological functions such as memory. But how memory is affected; is it long term or short term memory and is this a lasting effect or not. In a study performed by Kanayama, Rogowska, Pope , Gruber , and Yurgelun-Todd (2003), 12 heavy cannabis smokers, and a control group of 10 others were to completed a spatial working memory paradigm that included two tasks: a perception task and a short-delay working memory task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that the recent cannabis users displayed greater and more widespread brain activation than normal subjects when attempting to perform the aforementioned task. This suggests that the recent cannabis users may experience some neuropsychological deficits and they compensate for these deficits by calling upon different regions of the brain to help out in completing the task. This study shows that for a heavy cannabis user, simple tasks require extra effort from different regions of the brain in order to accomplish said task. This experimental study was well conducted and provided significant findings regarding the neuropsychological functions of a heavy cannabis user. These findings show that the heavy cannabis users had to work harder to accomplish the task at hand, and even though they still managed to accomplish the task, the neurological deficits shown through this study could leave them crippled or handicapped later in life with continued use of the drug. The debate continues in that people are unsure whether neurological deficits associated with cannabis last only as long as the drug does or if the continue afterwards and are more permanent. For example, Fried (2005; cited in Murray, Morrison, Henquet, Di Forti 2007) et al. found no evidence of cognitive deficits in cannabis users after three months of abstention66, whereas Bolla (2005; cited in Murray, Morrison, Henquet, Di Forti 2007) et al. found persisting deficits in decision-making and brain activity among heavy cannabis users who had been abstinent for 25 days. This inconsistency could be due to the age of participants or any number of other variables, which is why this sort of experiments can be unclear and inconclusive at times. One aspect of the age variable is that most experiments of this type are performed on adult participants and so does not show how the neurological effects of cannabis might affect the growing mind of a teenager. In a study performed by Harvey, Sellman, Porter, and Frampton (2007), 70 adolescents aged 13-18 were recruited, and after a 12 hour abstinence from marijuana performed several test. These tests included a demographics questionnaire, a Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) questionnaire for drug use in the past 28 days. Intelligence was measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery was used and the tests administered were: Motor screening (visual and movement problems), Rapid visual information processing (attention and memory), Spatial working memory (memory and strategy), Intradimensional extradimentional shift (attention), and Paired Associates learning (visuo-spatial and spatial span). The pen and paper cognitive tests used were Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Psychiatric functioning measures used were: Visual Analogue Scale for Mood (present mood), Beck Depression Inventory II, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Conduct Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The Timeline Follow-Back showed that 68. 5% of participants had used marijuana in the last 28 days. The results found from this well conducted study show that adolescents who were regular cannabis users showed a significantly worse performance on four measures of cognitive functions; attention, spatial working, memory, and learning. These results suggest that the young mind could be more susceptible to the neuropsychological deficits experienced through frequent use of marijuana. This is very negative considering 68. 5% of participants use marijuana frequently and thus has neurological deficits when it comes to attention, spatial working, memory and learning. If this sample is a close representation of the teenage population then our society could have problems down the road. If these teenagers continue to consume cannabis regularly through to adulthood then we could see these neurological deficits etting worse and worse as these teens earn more responsibility as they progress through life. Another possibility of problems that could come from this is the possibility that cannabis use could lead to psychosis or schizophrenia. It is unclear whether this is true or not but, but in some cases cannabis has been deemed a causal risk factor for schizophrenia. Richard Reading (2004) examined the evidence behind these claims and identified five studies that included a well-defined sample drawn from population-based registers or cohorts and used prospective measures of cannabis use and adult psychosis. After examining these cases thoroughly he concluded that cannabis is a component cause to psychosis. It is part of a complex mix of different factors which lead to psychosis down the road. Through these findings Reading deemed that cases of psychotic disorder could be minimized by discouraging cannabis use to vulnerable youth. Considering how 16. 8% of Canadians use marijuana on a regular basis, this is a very negative finding. Even if marijuana is only one little factor which contributes with many other factors to the chance of a psychotic disorder, then having this many people partaking could increase the number of psychotic disorders in Canada by quite a bit. We also know that a very large part of teenagers use cannabis as a social activity, and when used frequently for long periods of time these teenagers could develop psychotic disorders early on in life, making it difficult for them to contribute to our society to their full potential. On the other hand however marijuana could possibly give some positive to our society as well. In an earlier study conducted by Myerscough and Taylor (1985), the aggression levels of thirty male college students were examined while under the influence of either a light, medium, or heavy dose of marijuana. Since the U. S. government released â€Å"Reefer Madness† in 1936, it has been in question whether marijuana really does drive people crazy and amps up their aggression. The subjects were given either a low, medium, or high dose of marijuana then were sat in booth which corresponded with the booth of another participant. They were told that by pressing on one of eleven buttons they could choose the intensity of an electric shock that would be administered to their corresponding subject and vice versa. The person who completed this task faster would not be administered the shock but would find out what level of shock the other had picked for him. When the participants would see the aggressiveness of the other’s choices and receive shocks they would perhaps become more aggressive themselves. In concluding the data they had gathered showed that people in the low dose group tended to respond more aggressively than those in the mid to high level groups. Those participants in the high dose group were for the most part non-aggressive throughout the entire experiment. These findings indicate that when people are on marijuana they tend to be more calm and relaxed, and less easily aggravated. This could benefit many people by helping to ease stress. It could also help to lessen the aggravation behind many acts of crime, and violence in our society. Unfortunately we could not really use these findings to our advantage because we are unable to control who does what, and when. This does help shed some light on the benefits marijuana could have for our society. Conclusion The mainstream use of marijuana as a â€Å"party drug† or social tool in our society has started to get out of hand. Adults and teenagers alike take part in this illegal habit, but what are the consequences. As we see throughout this paper marijuana causes deficits in the neurological processes of adults by making the brain work harder to accomplish certain tasks. Also in teenagers the mental processes of memory, spatial working, attention, and learning were slowed by the frequent use of marijuana and showed deficits that could be worsened with time. It has also been shown here that marijuana could be a causal factor in the development of psychotic disorders. Though all of these experiments and research show how marijuana negatively influences people in our society there are many discrepancies in the research done on marijuana, and some do show no negativities whatsoever. Though the limited and controversial data we have on marijuana’s effect on psychological processes is incomplete, it is hard to say if it will have a lasting negative impression, however we know that marijuana is not having any useful positive effects on our society.

The Sexual Response Cycle

The Sexual Response Cycle When Masters and Johnson (1966) did their research studies, they did find that there are similarities between the sexual response cycle for men and the sexual response cycle for women. Masters and Johnson to used the term, "sexual response cycle" to describe the changes that occur in men's and women's bodies when the experience sexual arousal. For the purpose of this study, Masters and Johnson determined that the sexual response cycle should be divided into four distinct phases. These phases begin with excitement, proceeding then to plateau, and then one reaches a peak during orgasm, and then experiences the resolution phase.During the first phase of excitement that this study identifies, the subjects experience something that the study personnel refer to as vasocongestion. Vasocongestion is a condition in which the genital tissues swell as they begin to fill with blood and dilate. This occurs in both men and women as they begin to feel sexual arousal.It starts with her beauty in my eyes, it moves to ...When a man experiences vasocongestion, his genital tissues undergo pronounced changes. As blood diverts into the tissues of the penis, it enlarges both in length as well as in girth, becoming an erection. In younger men, vasocongestion can create an erection in three to eight seconds after sexual stimulation begins. While the penis is erect, it becomes hardened and rigid as if it were nothing more than skin covering over a bone. This condition is the basis for the popular slang term, boner. A man will also experience swelling in his testicles, nipples and in his earlobes. Vasocongestion also causes a thickening of the scrotal skin, making it less baggy.Similarly, when a woman experiences sexually arousal, vasocongestion causes swelling of her genital tissues. A woman will notice a swelling of the area surrounding the vaginal opening as well as in her nipples. Females...